§§162-164] AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT 77 Leigh, C. "Is He Mad?" in Forum, LVII. 515-526. (May, 1917.) Anon. "Can the Hohenzollerns Survive?" in New Republic, X, pp. 359-361. (April 28, 1917.) Anon. "The Kaiser," in World's Work, XXVIII. 495-516. Willert, A. "Democracy vs. Autocracy," ibid., XXIX. 181-185. (Dec., 1914.) Baerlein, H. "State of Alsace-Lorraine," in Fortnightly Rev., vol. 101 (1), pp. 146-153. (Jan., 1914.) Dewey, S. "Alsace-Lorraine To-day and Yesterday," in Nation, pp. 125-127. (Feb. 1, 1917.) (a) German desire for Imperial control in other lands. 6. Documents and Extracts on the Section. (a) [$164] The Sin of National Weakness. BY PROFESSOR HEINRICH VON TREITSCH KE. Thus we find it necessary to distinguish between public and private morality. The rank of the various duties must necessarily be very different for the state and the individual man. There is a whole series of these duties which are imposed upon the individual which are absolutely out of the question for the state. The state's highest law is that of self-assertion; that is for it the absolute morality. Therefore, one must assert that of all political sins, the worst and most contemptible is weakness; it is the sin against the holy ghost of politics. In private life certain weaknesses of the soul are excusable. But of these there is no question in the state; for the state is might, and if it should belie its very essence there would be no judgment severe enough for it. It is indeed political idealism which fosters war, whereas materialism rejects it. What a perversion of morality to want to banish heroism from human life. The heroes of a people are the personalities who fill the youthful souls with delight and enthusiasm. Amongst authors, we as boys and youths admire most those who words sound like a flourish of trumpets. He who cannot take pleasure therein is too cowardly to take up arms himself for his fatherland. All appeal to Christianity in this matter is perverted. The Bible states expressly that the man in authority shall wield the sword; it states likewise that: "Greater love hath no man than this that he giveth his life for his friend." Those who preach the nonsense about everlasting peace do not understand the life of the Aryan race; the Aryans are before all brave. They have always been men enough to protect by the sword what they had won by the intellect. To the historian who lives in the realms of the will, it is quite clear that the furtherance of an everlasting peace is fundamentally reactionary. He sees that to banish war from history would be to banish all progress and becoming. It is only the periods of exhaustion, weariness and mental stagna-. tion that have dallied with the dream of everlasting peace. (Prof. H. von Treitschke, Die Politik, translated in Germany's War Mania, p. 221.) F. [$165] SERBIAN AND BALKAN QUESTION. 1. Specific References to the Section. Collier's. Story of the War, I. 217, 362, 524, 536, 650. (April, Barker, J. E. "Murder of the Archduke-Causes and Consequences," in Fortnightly Rev., vol. 102, pp. 224-241. (Aug., 1914.) Trevelyan, G. M. "Austria-Hungary and Servia,” ibid., vol. 103, pp. 978-986. (June, 1915.) Dillon, E. J. 1914.) "Albanian Tangle," ibid, vol. 102, pp. 1-28. July, Trevelyan, G. M. "History of Serbia," in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 116, pp. 119-127. (July, 1915.) Woods, H. C. "New Situation in the Balkan Peninsula," ibid., vol. 101, pp. 832-842. (May, 1914.) Headlam, J. W. "The Balkans and Diplomacy," ibid., vol. 177, pp. Polyfordes, A. T. "The War in the Balkans," in N. Y. Times Anon. "Neutrality of Rumania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece," ibid., Anon. "Bulgaria and the Germanic Powers," ibid., III, p. 463. Tsaroff, R. A. "Bulgaria's Part in the European War," ibid., V, p. 70 (and other comments). (Oct., 1916.) Anon. "Where Rumania Stands in the Crisis" (Neutrality), ibid., I, pp. 1054-1062. (March, 1915.) Jonescu, T. "Honorable Neutrality Impossible," ibid., V, p. 64 (with declaration of war). (Oct., 1916.) Austrian Red Book on "Rumania's Entrance Into the War," a summary, ibid., V, p. 533. (Dec., 1916.) "Politicus." "Rumania and the Eastern Question," in Fortnightly Rev., vol. 106, pp. 549-562. (Oct., 1916.) Woods, H. C. "Greece and the War," ibid., vol. 106, pp. 406-416. (Sept., 1916.) Anon. "Greece's Watchful Waiting," in N. Y. Times Current His tory, I, pp. 1050-1053. (March, 1915.) "Address of the Greek People Admonishing Their King," ibid., V, "Belgium and Greece," ibid., V, p. 635. (Jan., 1917.) Johnston, C. "Balkan States and the Allies," in No. Am. Rev., vol. 202, pp. 404-02. (Sept., 1915.) Trevelyan, G. M. "Austria-Hungary and Servia," ibid., vol. 201, pp. 860-868. (June, 1915.) Dumba, C. "Why Austria Is At War with Russia," ibid., vol. 200, pp. 346-352. Spencer, A. W. (Sept., 1914.) "The Balkan Question," in Am. Polit. Sci. Rev., §§164-165] SERBIA AND THE BALKANS 79 Harris, W. D. "Southern Slav Question," ibid., IX. 227-251. Levine, L. "Pan-Slavism and European Politics," in Pol. Sci. Duggar, S. P. "Balkan Diplomacy," ibid., XXXII, pp. 224-251. 2. Balkan Situation to 1914. (a) Balkan wars, 1912, 1913. (b) Serbian ambition for a Slav kingdom. (c) Murder of the Austrian Archduke (June 25, 1914.) 3. Outbreak of War. (a) Austrian ultimatum on Serbia (July 23). (b) Austrian declaration of war on Serbia (July 25). (c) German declaration on Russia (July 31). 4. Other Powers Into the Struggle. (a) Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Montenegro. (c) Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Rumania. (d) China, Siam, Latin-American Powers. (e) Effect of the Alliance and Entente on the war. 5. Documents and Extracts on the Section. (a) [$166] The Case of Serbia (1914). BY CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER DAVID LLOYD GEORGE. But Belgium was not the only little nation that has been attacked in this war, and I make no excuse for referring to the case of the other little nation-the case of Serbia. The history of Serbia is not unblotted. What history in the category of nations is unblotted? The first nation that is without sin, let her cast a stone at Serbia—a nation trained in a horrible school. But she won her freedom with her tenacious valor, and she has maintained it by the same courage. If any Serbians were mixed up in the assassination of the Grand Duke they ought to be punished. Serbia admits that. The Serbian Government had nothing to do with it. Not even Austria claimed that. The Serbian Prime Minister is one of the most capable and honored men in Europe. Serbia was willing to punish any one of her subjects who had been proved to have any complicity in that assassination. What more could you expect? DEMANDS OF AUSTRIA. She sympathized with That was one of her Her newspapers were They must do so no You had it in Zabern. What were the Austrian demands? her fellow-countrymen in Bosnia. crimes. She must do so no more. saying nasty things about Austria. longer. That is the Austrian spirit. How dare you criticize a Prussian official? And if you laugh, it is a capital offense. The colonel threatened to shoot them if they repeated it. Serbian newspapers must not criticize Austria. I wonder what would have happened had we taken up the same line about German newspapers. Serbia said: "Very well, we will give orders to the newspapers that they must not criticize Austria in future, neither Austria, nor Hungary, nor anything that is theirs." Laughter.) Who can doubt the valor of Serbia, when she undertook to tackle her newspaper editors? (Laughter.) She promised not to sympathize with Bosnia; promised to write no critical articles about Austria. She would have no public meetings at which anything unkind was said about Austria. That was not enough. She must dismiss from her army officers whom Austria should subsequently name. But these officers had just emerged from a war where they were adding lustre to the Serbian arms-gallant, brave, efficient. (Cheers.) I wonder whether it was their guilt or their efficiency that prompted Austria's action. Serbia was to undertake in advance to dismiss them from the army-the names to be sent in subsequently. Can you name a country in the world that would have stood that? Supposing Austria or Germany had issued an ultimatum of that kind to this country. (Laughter.) "You must dismiss from your army and from your navy all those officers whom we shall subsequently name.” Well, I think I could name them now. Lord Kitchener (cheers) would go. Sir John French (cheers) would be sent about his business. General Smith-Dorrien (cheers) would be no more, and I am sure that Sir John Jellicoe (cheers) would go. (Laughter.) And there is another gallant old warrior who would go-Lord Roberts. (Cheers.) It was a difficult situation for a small country. Here was a demand made upon her by a great military power who could put five or six men in the field for every one she could; and that power supported by the greatest military power in the world. How did Serbia behave? It is not what happens to you in life that matters; it is the way in which you face it. (Cheers.) And Serbia faced the situation with dignity. (Loud cheers.) She said to Austria: "If any officers of mine have been guilty and are proved to be guilty, I will dismiss them." Austria said, "That is not good enough for me." It was not guilt she was after, but capacity. (Laughter.) INTERESTS OF RUSSIA. Then came Russia's turn. Russia has a special regard for Serbia. She has a special interest in Serbia. Russians have shed their blood for Serbian independence many a time. Serbia is a member of her family and she cannot see Serbia maltreated. Austria knew that. Germany knew that, and Germany turned around to Russia and said: "I insist that you shall stand by with your arms folded whilst Austria is strangling your little brother to death." (Laughter.) What answer did the Russian Slav give? He gave the only answer that becomes a man. (Cheers.) He turned to Austria and said: "You lay hands on that little fellow and I will tear your ramshackle empire limb from limb. (Prolonged cheers.) And he is doing it. (Renewed cheers.) (Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, I, 586.) $166-168] BELGIAN QUESTION G. [167] BELGIAN QUESTION. 1. Specific References to the Section. See $79 above. 81 Fox, Frank. The Agony of Belgium, Being Phase I of the Great War. (London, Hutchinson, 1915.) A narrative account of personal observations. Fuehr, Alexander. The Neutrality of Belgium, a study of the Belgian case under its aspects in political history and international law. (N. Y. and London, Funk & Wagnalls, 1915.) An attempt to defend German activity in Gelgium and the violation of the neutralization of treaties on the ground that they had become obsolete. Houtte, Paul van. The Pan-Germanic Crime. Impressions and investigations in Belgium during the German occupation. (London and N. Y., Hodder & Stoughton, 1915.) Quotes opinion from neutral sources. Stowell, E. C. Diplomacy of the War of 1914. I. 601, 603, 637 seq. Visscher, Ch. de. Belgium's Case, a juridical enquiry. (Trans lated by Jourdain.) (London and N. Y., Hodder & Stoughton, 1916.) The best juridical exposition of Belgium's case, conclusively answers all the German excuses. Waxweiler, Emile. Belgium, Neutral and Loyal: The War of 1914. (N. Y. and London, Putnam, 1915.) The violation of Belgian neutrality and atrocities committeed in Belgium from the point of view of a Belgian. Waxweiler, Emile. Belgium and the Great Powers. Her neutrality explained and vindicated. (N. Y. and London, Putnam, 1916.) Justifies the resistance to Germany on political and moral as well as legal grounds. Fortnightly Rev., vol. 106, pp. 417 seq. (Sept. 1916.) Lapradelle, A. G. "Neutrality of Belgium," in No. Am. Rev., vol. 200, pp. 847-857. (Dec., 1914.) N. Y. Times Current History. I. 60-63, 365-373, 1101-1125; IV. 536; V. 728. 2. Previous Neutralization. (a) Treaties of 1814, 1839, 1870. (b) Later accusations of bad faith by the Belgians before 1914. (c) German railroad preparations. 3. Invasion by Germany (August, 1914). (a) Germany's demand for passage. (b) "Scrap of paper" episode. (c) Later charges of bad faith by Belgians. 4. Treatment of Non-Combatant Belgians. (a) Hostages and civilian prisoners. (b) Destruction of villages. (c) Louvain episode. 5. Effect on the World. (a) Influence on Great Britain. (b) Reception in the United States. 6. Question of Neutrals Defending a Guaranteed State. 7. Documents and Extracts on the Section. (a) [§168] A Chinese View of Germany's Violation of Belgian Neutrality. BY RICHARD D. HARLAN. "I am a Country; I am NOT a Road." A few months after the outbreak of Germany's war against the world, L'Eche de Chine, a Shanghai journal representing French interests in China, contained a brief article on Germany's violation of Belgium's neutrality from the pen of a young Chinaman, whose knowledge of current events was |