Physiological Plant Ecology

acid activity adaptation air temperature algae annual assimilation average carbon cell sap cell wall chlorophyll chloroplasts climate CO₂ CO₂ exchange CO₂ uptake concentration conifers cuticular deciduous deficit depends desert desiccation dicotyledons drought dry matter dry regions ecological ecotypes effect energy environmental enzymes evergreen example factors flowering fluctuations foliage forest gradient grasses growing season growth H₂O habitats halophytes heat herbaceous humidity increases intensity ions Larcher layers leaf area leaves lichens light measure metabolism minerals nitrogen nutrient organs osmotic pressure period photorespiration photosynthesis photosynthetic capacity pore potential evaporation precipitation processes protein protoplasm radiation ratio reduced relative respiration roots salt saturation sclerophyll shade shoot shrubs soil stands of plants stomata succulents supply surface Table temperate zone thallophytes tissues transpiration transport trees tropical vacuole vascular plants vegetation water balance water consumption water content water loss water potential water uptake winter woody plants xylem