4. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the united states in congress assembled for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such number only as in the judgement of the united states in congress assembled shall be deemed requifite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state; but every state shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.

5. No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a refolution being formed by fome nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the united states in congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the united states in congrefs assembled, unless fuch state be infested by pirates, in which cafe vessels of war may be fitted out for that occafion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the united states in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.

Art. VII. When land-forces are raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom fuch forces shall be raised, or in such manner as fuch state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment.

Art. VIII. All charges of war, and all other expences that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legiflatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.

Art. IX. The united states in congress assembled shall have the fole and exclufive right and power of determining on peace and

war,

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war, except in the cases mentioned in the fixth article; of sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever ; of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united states shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high feas; and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cafes of captures, provided that no member of congrefs shall be appointed a judge of any of the faid courts.

2. The united states in congress assembled shall also be the last refort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may arife between two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following.Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any ftate in controversy with another, shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congrefs to the legiflative or executive authority of the other state in controverfy, and a day affigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint confent commiffioners or judges to conftitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of fuch perfons each party shall alternately ftrike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall in the prefence of congress be drawn out by lot; and the perfons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commiffioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, fo always as a major part of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without shewing reasons which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the congres shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each ftate, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of fuch party absent or refusing; and the judgment and fentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse

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to submit to the authority of fuch court, or to appear or defend heir claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either cafe tranfmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress, for the security of the parties concerned: provided, that every commiffioner, before he fits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the fupreme or superior court of the state where the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgement, without favour, affection, or hope of reward:" provided also, that no state shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united states.

3. All controverfies concerning the private right of foil claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants are adjusted, the faid grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to fuch settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding difputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states.

4. The united states in congrefs assembled shall, alfo have the fole and exclufive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the united states; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or violated; establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united states, and exacting such postage on the papers paffing through the fame, as may be requifite to defray the expences of the faid office; appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the united states, excepting regimental officers; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commiffioning all officers whatever in the fervice of the united states; making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

5. The united states in congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee, to fit in the recess of congress, to be denominated, A Committee of the States, and to confist of one delegate from each state; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united states under their direction; to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the united states, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expences; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the united states, tranfmitting every half year to the respective states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requifitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such state, which requifition shall be binding; and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and cloath, arm, and equip them in a foldier-like manner, at the expence of the united states; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states in congress assembled: but if the united states in congress assembled shall, on confideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, cloathed, armed, and equipped in the fame manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, cloath, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed, and equipped, small march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states in congress assembled.

6. The united states in congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expences necessary for the defence and welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same: Nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united states in congress assembled.

7. The congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of fix months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties,

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treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each state on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is defired by any delegate; and the delegates of a ftate, or any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a tranfcript of the faid journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several states.

Art. X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the faid committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states, in the congress of the united states assembled, is requifite.

Art. XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: But no other colony shall be admited into the fame, unless such admiffion be agreed to by nine states.

Art. XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, before the affembling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and confidered as a charge againft the united states, for payment and fatisfaction whereof the faid united states and the public faith are hereby folemnly pledged.

Art. XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congrefs assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state.

KNOW

AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legiflatures we respectively reprefent in congress, to approve of, and to authorise us to ratify the faid articles of confederation and perpetual union : YE, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the faid articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and fingular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further folemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective