Beans.-See JANUARY.

are sown at Aleppo from the month of October, during November and December, until the end of January. (Russel, l. c. )

3. PULSE.

Cicer Sativum, flore candido, Casp. Bauhin. p. 347; White Blossoming Chick-Pea.
Lens Vulgaris, semine subrufo, Casp. Bauhin. p. 346; Common Lentil, with a reddish
seed-lens monanthus, Hort. L. B.; Lentil that produces only a single flower.
Lathyrus Sativus, flore purpureo, C. Bauhin. p. 344; Purple Flowering Garden Spurge.
Vicia Minima cum siliquis glabris, Inst. R. H. 397; Small Smooth Podded Vetch.
All these are sown at Aleppo about the same time. (Russel, l. c.)

4. TREES.

Pistachio (Betena,, Cels. Hiero-bot. P. i. p. 25.), a Tree peculiar to Palestine, Syria, and Egypt. Cotovicus (Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum, p. 263.) saw this Tree with fruit on, not unlike pine-apples, at Jerusalem, close by the church of the Holy Sepulchre.

The Charnubi present pods during this month. Also see SEPTEMBER. (Idem p. 249.) Olive-Tree (Tzit, , Cels. Hiero-bot. P. ii. p. 330.) produces ripe olives towards the latter end of October, in the empire of Morocco, according to Hoest. (Nachrichten von Marókos und Fes, p. 304.)

Pomegranate-Tree yields ripe fruit at the same place, in this month, if not sooner. (Ibid. p. 307.)

5. SHRUBS. HERBS.

Vine.—The third clusters, which, in the month of May, had produced another small branch, loaded with the latter Grapes, must be gathered this month. (Borchard, Exactissim. Descript. T. S. in nov. Orb. p. 333.) Ignatius von Rheinfelden (Neue Hierosolymitanische Bilgerfahrt, p. 134.), in the vineyards about Bethlehem, found the Vines hung with the most excellent and delicious Grapes, in clusters of nearly a foot in length. Otto von der Gröben (Orientalische Reisebeschreibung, p. 262.) remarked the same in that country.

Cotton is gathered ripe at Aleppo this month, according to Russel. They sow it afresh from this time. (Nat. Hist. of Alep. p. 18; Cotovic. Itinerar. Hierosol. p. 137; Ignatius von Rheinfelden, Hierosol. Bilgerf. p. 53.)

Jericho Rose blows in this month, as may be gathered from a passage in Otto von der Gröben. As for other things related of it, they are silly fables, unworthy notice. Vide ll. cc. (Mariti, Viaggi, tom. iii. p. 169. 172; Maundrell's Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 144; Egmont and Heyman's Travels, vol. i. p. 334; D'Arvieux, Memoires, tom. ii. p. 189; Nau, Voyage de la Terre Sainte, p. 352; Thomson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 28; Otto von der Gröben, Orientalische Reisebeschreibung, p. 231.)

Sesamum.

Melo vulgaris, C. Bauhin, p. 310; Melo magnus, cortice vi-
renti lævi, semine parvo, J. B. 1. 244. the large Green-
rinded Melon, with small seed;

Anguria, Gourd, called Citrul; Cotovicus, p. 137;
Cucumus parvus (Adjour); the Small Cucumber;
Nigella, flore minore, simplice candido; the Fennel Flower,
C. Bauhin, p. 145;

Fænum Græcum sativum, C. Bauhin, p. 348; Garden Fenu-
greek;

Carthamus officinarum, flore croceo, Inst. R. H. 457; the
Bastard Saffron, or Safflower of the shops;

Lettuces,

Endives,

Cresses,

Wild Chervil,

Spinage,
Beet,

Garden Artichoke,

Wild Artichoke,

may be gathered at Algiers from the month of October until June. (Shaw's Travels, p. 126.)

No. CCCCLXVI. ELEVENTH MONTH. NOVEMBER.

1. WEATHER.

KORTE and Shaw both affirm, that if the rains are not already fallen, they certainly fall this month. (Shaw's Travels, p. 290; Korte's Reise nach dem gelobten Lande, p. 187. 380; Rauwolf's Reyss in die Morgenländer, p. 61.) Cotovicus travelled in rainy Weather on the 12th (a. d. 3. non.) of November, and on the 16th (a. d. 7. id.) of November, near Sichem (Cotovic. Itinerar. Hierosol. p. 335, 344, 346, 347. but concerning the temperature of the air about Sichem, p. 238.) He also says, that on the 17th (a. d. 6. id.) of November, he found there had been no rain on the mountains of Gilboa and Hermon, and concluded from it, that it never rains in these parts; which, however, is a mistake; for Borchard, who is very accurate, and worthy of credit, says, "It is not true, as some suppose, that no rain or dew falls on the mountains of Gilboa, since both dew and rain fell on myself, when I was on that mountain, A. D. 1283." Bernard de Breydenbach affirms the same. (Borchard, Descr. T. S. in nov. Orb. p. 322; B. de Breydenbach, Bevarden tot dat hylige Grafft. fol. i. 3.)

The sun's heat, although not so great in the day time, is, however, still violent; but the nights are very cold, and uncomfortable for travellers, many of whom journey by night, carrying torches before them, after the manner of the Turks. (Cotovic. Itinerar. Hierosolymit. p. 334. 357.) The rivers and lakes are most of them dried up; for Cotovicus (idem p. 361.), when he passed Lake Meron, on the 19th (a. d. 4. id.) of November, found hardly a space of five hundred paces in circumference, filled with water.

At Aleppo, November may be reckoned among the rainy months, although clear Weather frequently intervenes, and the number of the days in which it rains does not amount to more than seven or eight. It does not snow this month; but, after

the first fourteen days, it freezes just before sun-rise. The winds are chiefly from the north; but they seldom blow with force.

The mercury, as the month advances, gradually falls from 60 to 50 degrees. The variation of one day is not more than from two to five degrees. (Russel's Nat. Hist. of Alep. p. 156; Korte's Reise nach dem gelobten Lande, p. 530.)

2. CORN.

Korte informs us, that this is the month for the general sowing of Corn in Palestine. At Aleppo, likewise, and in Lower Egypt, they sow their Corn this month. (Korte's Reise nach dem gelobten Lande, p. 187; Egmont and Heyman's Travels, vol. ii. p. 348; Thomson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 170.)

Wheat is sown in the month of November, in the empire of Morocco, according to

Hoest. (Nachrichten von Marókos und Fes, p. 307.)

Zea, or Spelt, is sown about the same time, as appears from what has been already said. (vide APRIL.)

Barley is sown at Algiers about the middle of November. (Shaw's Travels, p. 123.) Finally, consult the month of OCTOBER, as to the several kinds of Corn and Pulse, that are usually sown this month.

3. TREES.

Palm, or Date-Tree.-Dates are still gathered in Egypt, in the middle of November. (Thomson's Travels, vol. ii. p. 176.)

Napeca, or Enoplia. (Cels. Hiero-bot. P. i. p. 23.), a prickly Tree, that yields delicious fruit, of the most exquisite flavour, in shape resembling crab-apples, and containing a nut as big as olives. Cotovicus saw it this month, near Bethsaida. (Cotovic. Itinerar. Hierosolym. p. 358.)

Russel remarks (Nat. Hist. of Alep. p. 14.), that the Trees retain their leaves until the middle of November.

4. SHRUBS. HERBS.

Vine.-At Aleppo the vintage lasts to the 15th of November. (Vide SEPTEMBER, Egmont and Heyman's Travels, vol. ii. p. 348; D'Arvieux, Memoires, tom. vi. p. 462.)

No. CCCCLXVII. TWELFTH MONTH. DECEMBER.
1. WEATHER.

DECEMBER is the first winter month; for, according to Russel, the season, from the 12th of December to the 20th of January, is reckoned by the inhabitants of Aleppo the coldest part of winter. (Nat. Hist. of Alep. p. 12; Korte's Reise, p. 585.) The cold is then frequently so piercing, that even those born in our climate can hardly endure it. In all the thirteen years that Russel lived in Syria and at Aleppo, he only three times observed ice that would bear a man; and then he was obliged to walk cautiously, and in places not exposed to the sun. The snow seldom remains all day on the ground, not even in the midst of winter. When the sun shines, and there is a calm, the atmosphere is hot.

The same things are observable in Palestine.

There is a very remarkable instance

of a most piercing cold in Steph. Schulze. (Leitungen des Höchsten. P. v. p. 50.)—

He tells us, that towards the end of December two young men perished through the cold, near Nazareth; lat. 32° 30′. long. 53° 15′. (Mariti, Viaggi, tom. ii. p. 187.)— Travellers relate, that rains are more usual this month than snows, as D'Arvieux found near Rama. (D'Arvieux Memoires, tom. ii. p. 83.) Nau, in Galilee, and Cotovicus in his journey from Libanus to Aleppo. (Nau, Voyage nouveau de la Terre Sainte, p. 567, 568, 569, 571; Korte's Reise nach dem gelobten Lande, p. 187. 380; Cotovic. Itinerar. Hieros. p. 399, 400, 401, 403, 405.)

The Maronites have told many travellers, that the snows continue to fall on Libanus from the month of December. (Thomson's Travels, vol. i. p. 122; De la Roque, Voyage de Syrie et du Mont Liban, tom. i. p. 74.)

When the easterly winds blow the Weather is dry, although they sometimes bring a mist and hoar frost, and are accompanied with storms, of which Shaw gives an account, p. 285.

December, according to Russel's observation, is, for the most part, a rainy month at Aleppo. Mists become more frequent and thicker, and the sky is often obscured. The greatest number of rainy days does not exceed sixteen. Ice may be seen every day, especially about sun-rise. Snow falls after the first fourteen days, but not in any great quantity; it freezes afterwards. The winds, as in the last month, blow usually from the east or north. They are seldom violent.

The mercury usually stands all the month, at 46°. It frequently gets up in the afternoon, if there is no rain, three degrees. (Nat. Hist. of Alep. p. 155, 156.)

2. CORN. PULSE. HERBS.

Corn is sown during this month also. Vide the end of OCTOBER.

Pulse-Ibid.

Sugar-Canes ripen, and are cut down this month at Cyprus, according to Cotovicus. (Itinerar. Hierosolymit. p. 137.)

Finally, the Herbs mentioned above blow about the end of December, according to Rauwolf. (Reyss in die Morgenländer, P. i. p. 118.) The grass and Herbs again springing up out of the ground after the rains, the Arabs drive their flocks down from the mountains into the plains.

No. CCCCLXVIII.

A LIST OF THE AUTHORS, and of the Editions of their Works, which are quoted in the foregoing CALENDAR, arranged according to the Dates of their Visits to the Holy Land.

Itinerarium Benjamini Tudelensis ex Versione Benedicti Aria' Montani. Helmstadt, A. D. 1636, 8vo.

Rabbi Benjamin travelled into Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, A. D. 1172, as appears by the preface.

[N. B. This is a translation from the Rabbinical Hebrew. Rabbi Benjamin was a Spanish Jew: his narrative has been suspected. Whether it may be depended on as perfectly authentic or correct, throughout, we do not take upon ourselves to determine].

Locorum Terræ Sanctæ exactissima Descriptio, Auctore F. Brocardo, Monacho. Inserted in the Novi Orbi Regionum ac Insularum veteribus incognitarum, published at Basle, ap. Hervagium, 1555, folio.

This traveller appears to be the same, who, by Egmont (Travels, vol. ii. p. 215.), and by others, is called Brocard, and by Helfrich, Buccard.

He travelled into Palestine about A. D. 1283. (vide Nov. Orb. p. 323.) The best edition of his travels was that published at Venice, A. D. 1519; but this was afterwards corrected by a copy from the Alvensleben library, and this edition is now esteemed the best. Stuck, V. C. Verzeichniss der Reisebeschr, p. 38; Korte's Reise, Supp. iii.

Bernhard van Breydenbach Bevarden tot dat hylige Grafft. Mentz, 1488. folio.He travelled into Palestine A. D. 1483, as appears by the preface to his work.

Reyss und Bilgerfahrt zum Heylingen Grab des Edlen Herrn Tschudis von Glarus. Rohrschach, 1606, 4to. He travelled A. D. 1519.

Ecklin's Reise zum Heylingen Grabe. Cologne, 1582, 8vo.

Beschreibung der Reyss Leonhardi Rauwolf gen Syriam, Judæam, Arabiam, &c. in drey Theilen. Franckfort, 1582, 4to. Rauwolf was in Palestine A. D. 1575.

Newe Reyssbeschreibung aus Teutchland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem durch Salomon Schweigger. Nuremburg, 1608, 4to. Schweigger travelled in Palestine

A. D. 1581.

Jerosolymitana Peregrinatio Principis Radzivilii, a Thoma Tretero, translated from the Polish language into Latin. Antwerp, 1614, folio. It appears that Radzivil used the corrected calendar, as he observes in his preface.

Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum, by John Cotovicus. Utrecht and Antwerp, 1619, folio. Cotovicus visited Palestine A. D. 1598.

Voyage du Mont Liban, translated from the Italian of the Rev. Father Jerome Dandini. Paris, 1685. Dandini was in Palestine A. D. 1599.

Relation Journaliere du Voyage fait et descrit par Henry de Beauvau. Paris, 1619, 12mo. This author travelled A. D. 1605.

Relation of a Journey, &c. by George Sandys. London, 3rd edition, 1632, folio. Sandys travelled into Palestine A. D. 1610.

Voyages de Pietro della Valle dans la Turquie, l'Egypte, la Palestine, la Perse, &c. Della Valle was in Palestine A. D. 1615.

Le Voyage de Hierusalem et autres Lieux de la Terre Sainte fait par le S. Benard. Paris, 1621, 8vo. Benard was in Palestine A. D. 1616.

Newe Jerosolymitanische Bilgerfahrt, oder Hurze Beschreibung des Gelobten Heylingen Landts, durch G. F. Ignatium von Rheinfelden. Constance, 1664, 4to. Ignatius was in Palestine A. D. 1656.

Voyage de M. de Thevenot en Europe, Asie, et Afrique, &c. Amsterdam, 1727, 8vo. Thevenot travelled in Palestine A. D. 1658. [Dr. E. D. Clarke doubts his history.]

Memoires du Chevalier D'Arvieux, contenant ses Voyages, &c. mis en ordre par Labat. 6 tomes. Paris, 1735, 8vo. D'Arvieux was in Palestine about A. D. 1659, 1660. Voyage de M. le Chevalier Chardin en Perse, &c. 10 tomes. Paris, 1723, 8vo.— [Chardin travelled in Persia A. D. 1673—1677.]

Voyage nouveau de la Terre Sainte, par le R. P. Nau, de la Compagnie de Jesus.— Paris, 1744, 8vo. This author was twelve years in Palestine from Â. D. 1674.