Craft Committee. In some industrial establishments a SHOP COMMITTEE representative of all the workers engaged at a particular craft or occupation is so called.

Craft Jurisdiction. See JURISDICTION.

Craft Union. One of the two main structural types of trade union-the other being the INDUSTRIAL UNION. In its simplest and commonest form, the craft union is made up of workers engaged on a single industrial process, or on several processes so nearly akin that any worker can do any other's work. Such, for example, is a union of bricklayers, of blacksmiths, of plumbers, etc. A second form of craft union is that composed of workers engaged upon a larger group of kindred processes, still following the lines of the type of work done. Thus, all engineers might be organized in one union, all wood-workers in another, all leather-workers in another, and so forth. This form, variously known as "occupational union" and "kindred craft union," is often classified as a form of industrial unionism. It is, however, strictly craft unionism, because it follows the lines of common crafts or occupations rather than those of the actual structure of industry. As a rule, craft unions exist wholly or mainly in the case of occupations which do or did formerly demand a comparatively high degree of skill, rather than in those which require only unskilled or semi-skilled workers. Since the craft union often extends over a number of different industries, and includes only one class of workers in each, it acts as an obstacle to the formation of industrial unions. For the same reason, it is not as amenable as an industrial union to ideas involving WORKERS' CONTROL of industry; and is, in general, a much less effective fighting body than the industrial union. "The separateness of crafts is being broken down by the improvement of machinery, and it is becoming more possible for the work of the skilled to be done by the semiskilled. A strike of a single craft thus becomes less and less likely to succeed. The skilled are forced to stand together, and to make common cause with the unskilled. Craft unionism is out of date because the isolation of the craft is itself becoming a thing of the past. The small unions have to act together, and in order to do this at all, they must at least federate." The argument for craft organization, on the other hand, is based partly on the common interest of the workers at a given occupation. "A cooper is a cooper, whether the chief business of his employer is the making of beer or the production of barrels for sale. Whatever the nature of the establishment he may chance to work in, he should, it is said, be governed

by the same trade rules, and should stand with his fellow-craftsmen in maintaining common rates of wages and conditions of labor. To undertake to unite in a single organization workmen of various degrees of skill, various rates of customary wages, and various degrees of economic power against their employers, must result, it is asserted, in divided councils and conflicting interests within the organization, and in consequent weakness." According to Mr. and Mrs. Webb: "The whole history of trade unionism confirms the inference that a trade union, formed as it is for the distinct purpose of obtaining concrete and definite material improvements in the conditions of its members' employment, can not, in its simplest form, safely extend beyond the area within which those identical improvements are shared by all its members-can not spread, that is to say, beyond the boundaries of a single occupation." Craft unionism tends, as a rule, toward conservatism and BUSINESS UNIONISM, and does not lend itself to the development of radical theories within the trade union movement. (See COMPOUND CRAFT UNION; MATERIAL TRADE UNION; CLOSED UNION; AMALGAMATION; OLD UNIONISM; PURE AND SIMPLE UNIONISM; CLASS UNIONISM; UNION SCAB.)

Craft Unionism. The theory and practice of trade union organization on the basis of craft or occupational distinctions, rather than along the lines of the actual structure of industry. (See CRAFT UNION; BUSINESS UNIONISM; PURE AND SIMPLE UNIONISM; OLD UNIONISM; CORPORATISME.)

Credit Cooperation. That form of coOPERATION which is carried on by associations of persons who wish to benefit themselves by the use of their combined capital and their combined credit. The purpose is generally to supply loans for productive purposes to agricultural workers, town craftsmen, small traders, home seekers, etc. Credit cooperation has flourished chiefly in Germany and elsewhere on the continent, in the form of CREDIT UNIONS. In the United States, the BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS constitute the main type of cooperative credit.

Credit Unions. Local cooperative banking associations, formed to borrow money on the collective credit and responsibility of a group (e.g., a trade union, the employees of a single establishment, etc.), where individual credit would not be sufficient. The money thus borrowed is in turn loaned out to members of the association for various productive purposes. The two main types of credit unions in Europe, where this form of CREDIT COOPERATION chiefly

flourishes, are the RAIFFEISEN BANKS and the SCHULZE-Delitzsch BANKS.

Criminal Conspiracy. See CONSPIRACY Doctrine.

Criminal Syndicalism Laws. During the period 1917-1920, statutes defining and punishing "criminal SYNDICALISM" and SABOTAGE were enacted by the Federal government and nearly one-half of the state governments in the United States, as well as by Alaska and Hawaii. There is a quite general similarity in the acts, syndicalism being defined as a doctrine advocating the commission of acts of violence, terrorism, and crime to effect political and industrial changes; and sabotage as the doing of physical damage or injury to physical property for like purposes. Not only is assemblage for the teaching of the doctrine penalized, but the opening of halls and the permitting of assemb ages are likewise punishable in many of the laws. In New Mexico, employers hiring "anarchists" are guilty of a misdemeanor. Washington not only punishes sabotage, but also makes it a felony to interfere with or supplant the owner's management of his industry or to threaten such interference. (See SABOTAGE LAW.)

Crimping System. In present-day use, this term refers to a common method of recruiting seamen. For many years sailors have been, and still are, largely at the mercy of a professional "crimp" or "crimper" when seeking a berth on a ship. The "crimp "crimper" usually runs a sailors rooming and boarding house, and undertakes to furnish shipmasters with crews. The crimping system is responsible for terrible abuses and inhuman practices in securing crews. One of the draft conventions adopted at the second GENERAL LABOR CONFERENCE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Will, when converted into law, make the business of the "crimp" illegal, and will require each country to organize and maintain a system of public employment offices for seamen.

Cropper or Share Cropper. An agricultural laborer who is paid not in money but in a share of the crop which he helps to produce. The term is sometimes applied to a tenant farmer who pays the rent of his farm with a share of the crop produced, but the latter is more properly known as a "share tenant." (See MÉTAYAGE.)

Crumb Boss. See FLUNKEY.

Cul-de-sac Occupations. See BLIND ALLEY OCCUPATIONS.

Cyclical Fluctuations. The, fairly regular alternations between periods of industrial prosperity and depression in the economic life of a country, or in specific trades and industries, over a considererable period of time. These cyclical fluctuations have an important bearing upon trade unionism. Whether considered in relation to national conditions as a whole or to conditions in a particular industry, the relative strength of trade unionism is generally highest during a period of industrial prosperity and lowest during a period of depression. The reasons for this are thus summarized by Dr. Weyforth: "In the first place, during a period of depression when there is much UNEMPLOYMENT, it becomes difficult or impossible for many members to keep up their dues. Many lapses occur for this reason. Secondly, not only is it harder to hold old members, but it is more difficult to obtain new ones. When many people out of employment are waiting to take the workman's place, he is less inclined to run the risk of losing his job by antagonizing his employer through trade-union activities than at times when jobs are plentiful. Finally, the union occupies a weaker strategical position in times of depression than in times of prosperity. When business is active, employers are, generally speaking, reaping their harvest. Hence an interruption to their business is extremely undesirable, and often they may prefer to yield to the demands of their workmen rather than undergo the losses incident to a shut-down. Moreover, even in case the employer is inclined to fight, he will find it more difficult to recruit his force with competent non-union workmen because there is a smaller labor supply of the unemployed available than in times of depression. But in times of depression not only is the employer, because of the large supply of unemployed workmen, better able to make a fight against the union, but he is also less disinclined to do so, since with business running low, a strike of his men may provide a convenient excuse for shutting down his plant." (See INDUSTRIAL CYCLE; SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS; LABOR SURPLUS.)

Czecho-Slovak Labor Organizations. See ODBOROVE SDRUZENI CESKOSLOVENSKE; DEUTSCHER GEWERKSCHAFTSBUND IN DER TSCHECHOSLOWAKISCHEN Republik.

D

Dago. A common American nickname for Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese-especially of the common laboring class. The word is said to be an English and American sailors' corruption of "Diego"-the Spanish equivalent for "James." (See GINNY; WOP.)

Danbury Hatters Case. As the result of a BOYCOTT by the American Hatters' Union against a hat manufacturer of Danbury, Conn., in 1902, legal action was brought by the manufacturer against the members of the union. In 1908 the United States Supreme Court declared the boycott illegal, and authorized suit for damages under the Federal anti-trust laws. Judgment for $230,000 was obtained in 1909 against the individual members of the union; and six years later this judgment, with additional penalties and interest to date, was confirmed by the Supreme Court. A general assessment was levied on organized workers throughout the country to relieve the individuals affected by the decision. This case is one of the most famous in American labor history.

Danish General Federation of Trade Unions. See DE SAMVIRKENDE FAGFORBUND I DANMARK.

Darg. A Scottish term, meaning a day's work or a definite TASK. In some British coal-mining districts the "darg" is the amount of daily maximum output for an individual hewer-a limit which he is supposed not to exceed. Such LIMITATION OF OUTPUT is, however, not countenanced by the leading miners' unions.

Darwinian Theory. See SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

Day Laborer. One who is engaged to work from day to day without any time contract of employment, express or implied, and who is subject to discharge without notice. Day labor, in this sense, is nearly always synonymous with COMMON LABOR.

Day Rooms. See EMPLOYMENT BUREAUS.