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word derives from the old English docken or dokken, meaning to curtail or cut short. (See DoCKAGE SYSTEM; Wage DeducTIONS.)

Docking Boss. See DOCKAge System.

Doctrinaire. One who holds an abstract theory or belief, and insists on its applicability under all conditions, without regard to facts or circumstances. The term is often applied, in a loose way, to socialists and others who hold views that are still for the most part untested by practice.

Document. During a widespread British labor dispute in 1833, the employers of Liverpool and Manchester publicly announced that henceforth no man need apply for work unless he was prepared to sign a formal renunciation of trade union allegiance. This was known as "the presentation of the document," or more briefly "the document," and it became a favorite weapon of employers in fighting the unions. It was revived in 1913 in the Irish transport industry, and a few months thereafter in the British building trades. (See IRONCLAD AGREEMENT.)

Domestic Service. A general designation for those forms of labor that are performed by paid employees (usually women) in the home. Originally domestic service was synonymous with so-called "menial labor"-the word "menial" being derived from an old root signifying "household" or "pertaining to a household"; but in common usage today "menial" carries a suggestion of extreme social inferiority which does not necessarily attach to "domestic service." The organization of domestic servants in trade unions has as yet made only very slight progress in any country. In at least one country (Germany) they have until lately been legally prevented from organizing. Various efforts have, however, been made to raise the status and conditions of domestic service to something like the average level in other forms of industry; and in England particularly these efforts have of late been not wholly unsuccessful. The staff report of the FEDERAL COMMISSION ON INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Contains the following statement on this general subject: "We find that practically nothing has been done toward the very necessary development of organizations of women engaged in domestic service, and that no standards governing the toil of the thousands thus engaged have been established. As a necessary step in this direction, we recommend that the hours of such workers should be limited to eight per day; and that no such persons be permitted to work over six days in each week; that a MINIMUM WAGE be fixed

for this class of employees which will insure them a comfortable life without being required to live in the homes of persons employing them, where they may be subjected to objectionable or uncomfortable living conditions. That all of the improvements and safeguards recommended for adoption in this report, as applying to women in other lines of industry, shall apply with equal force and effect to women engaged in domestic service." (See HOUSEHOLD ASSISTANT SYSTEM; LIVING-IN SYSTEM.)

Domestic System. The third stage in modern INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION, following the HANDICRAFT SYSTEM and preceding the FACTORY SYSTEM, is commonly so called. This stage, according to W. J. Ashley, "is marked by the advent of various kinds of commercial middlemen, who act as intermediaries between the actual makers in their small domestic workshops and the final purchasers, the widening of the market being both the cause and the result of their appearance." The present-day counterpart of the domestic system is to be found in certain forms of the swEATING SYSTEM. (See TOWN ECONOMY.)

Dominican Federation of Labor. The leading labor organization of Santo Domingo. It was formed in 1915, and consists of directly affiliated local CRAFT UNIONS and CENTRAL BODIES, with a constituent membership early in 1920 of about 2700 workers.

Dominion Trades and Labor Congress. See CANADIAN LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.

Donation. See BENEFITS; OUT-OF-WORK BENEFITS.

Double Rate. See TIME AND A HALF.

Double-Standard Basis. See SCREENING SYSTEM.

Double Time. See TIME AND A HALF.

Double Turn. See SHIFT SYSTEM.

Dovetailing of Seasonal Trades. As a remedy for UNEMPLOYMENT, this is the method of so regulating conditions in SEASONAL OCCUPATIONS that workers may pass from one to another of such occupations without any intervening period of idleness. (See LABOR OUTINGS.)

Down-and-Outs. See UNEMPLOYABLES.

Down Tools. In the British labor world, to "down tools" is to institute a strike. (See TURNOUT.)

Driving. See SPEEDING UP.

Dual State. The form of governmental organization proposed by advocates of GUILD SOCIALISM is often so called. According to their theory, as stated by Bertrand Russell, "there should be two co-equal instruments of government in a community, the one geographical, representing the consumers, and essentially the continuation of the democratic State; the other representing the producers, organized, not geographically, but in guilds, after the manner of INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM. These two authorities will deal with different classes of questions. Guild socialists do not regard the industrial authority as forming part of the State, for they contend that it is the essence of the State to be geographical; but the industrial authority will resemble the present State in the fact that it will have coercive powers, and that its decrees will be enforced, when necessary." This plan of two co-equal centres of authority, one representative of geographical and the other of industrial interests, results in what is called the "dual State."

Dual Union. A labor organization which openly and actively competes with another for jurisdiction over the workers of a particular craft, trade, or industry-local, district, or national. Usually the term is applied only to a union formed as the result of a SECESSION movement from an older organization-generally on the workers' own initiative, but sometimes by the inspiration and encouragement of employers; the "dual union" being considered an unauthorized rival to the "regular" union in the same field.

Dual Unionism or Dual Organization. As most commonly used, these terms refer to the method or tactics of furthering revolutionary working-class aims by separately organizing the more radical workers, in direct competition with the conservative trade unions, and endeavoring to influence the policy of the latter from the outside, by force of organized rivalry. This method is known in France as la pression extérieure, and in the I. W. W. as "hammering from without." The opposite method or policy is known in France as la pénétration, and in this country as BORING FROM WITHIN.

Due Card or Due Book. In most trade unions each member is provided with a card or book containing written entry or stamps in record of all dues and assessments paid by the member to his local union. This card or book is his evidence of union membership "in good standing." In some unions the due card or due book serves as a WORKING CARD; other unions issue separate due cards and working cards. (See COMBINATION CARD.)

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Duplex Printing Press Case. Because of its failure to recognize the union and to observe union conditions, a strike was declared against the Duplex Printing Press Company of Battle Creek, Mich., by the International Association of Machinists. In aid of that strike the Association instructed its members not to work on the installation of presses which the Duplex Company had delivered to printing concerns in New York City. This was termed by the Association a SYMPATHETIC STRIKE; but it was construed by the courts as a secondary BOYCOTT, being directed against the purchasers of the presses rather than the manufacturers, and an INJUNCTION was granted restraining the officials of the machinists' union in New York from inducing their members not to work for the company or for its customers in connection with the installation of its presses. The case was carried to the United States Supreme Court, which handed down a decision early in January, 1921, upholding the injunction and declaring the "secondary boycott" illegal. In practical effect, this decision largely nullifies what was considered by organized labor as one of the main effects and purposes of the labor clauses of the CLAYTON ACT.

Dutch Labor Organizations. The wage-earners of Holland are at present organized in five national federations, as follows: (1) The Nederlandsch Verbond van Vakvereenigingen (Dutch Federation of Trade Unions), representing the conservative (Social Democratic) elements, with a membership of 247,870 in January, 1920; (2) the Christelyk National Vakverbond (Christian National Federation), organized under the guidance of the Protestant Churches, with 70,000 members; (3) the Bureau voor de Roomsche Katholicke Vakorgenisatie (Bureau of the Roman Catholic Organizations), founded under the auspices of the Catholic Church to combat socialist doctrines, with 150,000 members; (4) the Nederlandsch Verbond voor Neutrale Vakvereenigingen (Dutch Federation of Neutral Trade Unions), founded in 1919 as a non-political means of harmonizing industrial relations, with 50,000 members; and (5) the Nederlandsch Arbeids Secretariat (Dutch Labor Secretariat), representing the syndicalist elements, with 45,000 members in 1919. Probably in no other country is the labor movement so weakened by political and religious differences. (See KAMERS VAN ARBEID.)

E

Ecoles Nationales Professionales. French national vocational schools, conducted under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The purposes of these institutions, of which four now exist, are: (1) To furnish the industries, particularly the mechanical industries, with persons trained in trade practice and capable of becoming foremen, heads of workshops, and possibly factory superintendents; and (2) to prepare students for higher technical schools.

Economic Action. In general this term is applied to action of any sort by organized labor in the economic field, as opposed to POLITICAL ACTION. The term is of a little broader significance than INDUSTRIAL ACTION in that it may include such measures as TRADE

UNION COOPERATION.

Economic Cycle. See INDUSTRIAL CYCLE.

Economic Determinism or Materialistic Conception of History. A philosophy of history as well as an economic theory, first enunciated by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and still adhered to by the orthodox exponents of SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM. It asserts that the economic factor is the determining element in social evolutionthat the economic structure of society, i. e., its methods of bread-andbutter-getting, supplies the basis upon which is erected its legal, political, and social super-structure. It does not contend "that all history can be explained in economic terms alone, but that the chief considerations in human progress are the social considerations, and that the important factor in social change is the economic factor."

Economic Socialism. See SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM.

Economic Strike. In general, one that has to do solely with the relations between employers and employees, in regard to terms and conditions of employment; as distinguished from a POLITICAL

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