CLOSED SHOP principle is un-American. But many advocates of the so-called "American plan" use this name to camouflage an at least equally un-American discrimination-directed in their case against trade unionists. In fact, as some of its most prominent adherents interpret the "American plan," what is intended is not the open shop at all, but the "closed non-union shop" or "anti-union shop" -one in which no member of an "outside" trade union would be permitted to work. Non-union and anti-union shops are sometimes called by the employers "American shops" or "independent American shops." American Shop. See AMERICan Plan. Organized in 1918 American Social Democratic League. by a small group of prominent pro-war secessionists from the SoCIALIST PARTY OF AMERICA. The League has never attracted the rank and file of the socialist movement, though figuring largely in the press. It received considerable approval from the government, its members being the only socialists from this country who were permitted to attend international conferences abroad during the war. American Standard of Living. Although this vague term, much used as it is, has never been and probably never could be exactly defined, perhaps as good an approximation as any to its meaning is contained in the following, from John Mitchell's "Organized Labor": "The American standard of living should mean, to the ordinary unskilled workman with an average family, a comfortable house of at least six rooms. It should mean a bathroom, good sanitary plumbing, a parlor, dining room, kitchen, and sufficient sleeping room that decency may be preserved and a reasonable degree of comfort maintained. The American standard of living should mean to the unskilled workman carpets, pictures, books, and furniture with which to make home bright, comfortable, and attractive for himself and his family, an ample supply of clothing suitable for winter and summer, and above all a sufficient quantity of good, wholesome, nourishing food at all times of the year. The American standard of living, moreover, should mean to the unskilled workman that his children be kept in school until they have attained to the age of sixteen at least, and that he be enabled to lay by sufficient to maintain himself and his family in times of illness, or at the close of his industrial life, when age and weakness render further work impossible, and to make provision for his family against his premature death from accident or otherwise." (See STANDARD OF LIVING.) Amsterdam Trade Union Internationale. See INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS. Anarchism. In its derivative sense, the theory or fact of nongovernment or "government by none"-just as the word "monarchism" denotes the theory or fact of "government by one." Broadly speaking, anarchism may be defined as a social doctrine based on the conception that all constituted authority is ethically wrong and antagonistic to man's highest development. Anarchism would abolish all constraint save intelligent obedience to natural laws, and would substitute for the present political State a voluntary association of free individuals, acting in harmony with the law of MUTUAL AID. Says Bertrand Russell: "It is opposed to the State as the embodiment of the force employed in the government of the community. Such government as Anarchism can tolerate must be free government, not merely in the sense that it is that of a majority, but in the sense that it is that assented to by all. Anarchists object to such institutions as the police and the criminal law, by means of which the will of one part of the community is forced upon another part. In their view, the democratic form of government is not very enormously preferable to other forms so long as minorities are compelled by force or its potentiality to submit to the will of majorities. Liberty is the supreme good in the Anarchist creed, and liberty is sought by the direct road of abolishing all forcible control over the individual by the community." Two different, and in some ways opposing, schools of anarchism may be noted: (1) Individualist or philosophical anarchism, mainly an American intellectual movement, which would have all forms of voluntary organization spring from the individual, and advocates a revolution of ideas; (2) anarchist communism, mainly a European working-class movement, which accepts the CLASS STRUGGLE and would overthrow present forms of government by force if necessary, substituting therefor a communal life whose ideal does not greatly differ from that of SOCIALISM save that it would not be realized through the State. Most anarchism of today is of the latter type. To quote Mr. Russell again: "Socialism and Anarchist Communism. alike have arisen from the perception that private capital is a source of tyranny by certain individuals over others. Orthodox Socialism believes that the individual will become free if the State becomes the sole capitalist. Anarchism, on the contrary, fears that in that case the State might merely inherit the tyrannical propensities of the private capitalist. Accordingly, it seeks for a means of reconciling communal ownership with the utmost possible diminution in the powers of the State, and indeed ultimately with the complete abolition of the State. It has arisen mainly within the Socialist movement as its extreme left wing." Anarchism differs from SYNDICALISM chiefly in that, while the syndicalists would substitute for the present political State a government of trade unionism solely in the interests of the working class, true anarchists are opposed to any form of coercive government. (See FORCE ANARCHISTS; BOLSHEVISM.) Anarchist Communism. See ANARCHISM; COMMUNISM. Anarchists of the Deed. See FORCE ANARCHISTS. Anarcho-Sozialismus. See GEWERKSCHAFTEN. Angestellten. Salaried or non-manual workers-the class familiarly known as BLACKCOATS in England and WHITE COLLARS in America-are so called in Germany. They are for the most part organized separately from the manual wage-earners, in strong national unions, with a central federative body-the Arbeitsgemeinschaft freier Angestelltenverbände, more commonly referred to as "Afa." The latter works in close cooperation with the ALLGEMEINER Deutscher GewerKSCHAFTSBUND. Angestelltenrat (Non-Manual or Salaried Employees' Works Council). See GERMAN WORKS COUNCILS LAW. Anti-Sabotage Laws. See CRIMINAL SYNDICALISM LAWS. Anti-Truck Laws. See TRUCK SYSTEM. Anti-Union Shop. See OPEN SHOP; NON-UNION SHOP; AMERICAN PLAN. Apportionment Lists. In the British labor movement, some of the bodies designated to settle DEMARCATION disputes issue from time to time printed circulars embodying their findings in a series of decisions. These "apportionment lists," as they are called, are supplied for the information of the trades in the particular districts to which they apply. Apprentice. One who, "by promise, indenture, or covenant" for a specified time, is being taught a trade by a master of the trade or by some one in the latter's employ. During the time of such instruction the apprentice may receive only nominal wages, or no wage at all; or he may even work without compensation and pay for his instruction as well. The latter basis, however, is now rare. (See APPRENTICESHIP; LEARNER; HELPER.) Apprenticeship or Apprentice System. The custom of requiring a beginning worker to serve a period of preliminary training and learning before being permitted to follow his trade or craft reaches back at least as far as the 16th century. During Queen Elizabeth's reign it was enacted that no person should exercise any trade or "mystery" without serving an apprenticeship of seven years. The apprentice was "bound" or "indentured" to his master by a strict contract for that period; he lived in the home of the master, and the latter became his guardian, responsible not only for his manual training but for his physical and moral well-being. With the introduction of machinery and the DIVISION OF LABOR, the old "indentured" apprenticeship system began to decay, until in the sixties it was largely a thing of the past. Today, except in some of the older and more highly-skilled trades, it has been practically replaced by various schemes of VOCATIONAL EDUCATION carried on outside the shop, and covering a much shorter period. But the problem presented by large numbers of young and comparatively unskilled workers employed in the guise of apprentices or LEARNERS, and working in competition with older skilled craftsmen, is still an important one to trade unionists. Hence the strong trade union insistence on what is called the "limitation of apprentices." fessor Carlton summarizes this matter as follows: "Many unions composed of skilled men demand that the number of apprentices in a shop be limited and that provisions be made for adequate instruction. The length of apprenticeship insisted upon is usually three or four years, instead of the seven of the traditional apprenticeship system. The apprenticeship period usually begins between the ages of fifteen and twenty-one years. The common ratio of apprentices to journeymen is one to five. In some of the building trades a progressive restriction is agreed upon. The Stone Cutters only allow one apprentice in a yard employing less than fifteen journeymen, not more than two in case less than one hundred are employed, and not more than four in any yard. 'Except in the old handcrafts, which have suffered little deterioration from machinery or new processes, together with the building, the metal, and the printing trades, no provisions regarding entrance to the trade are usually contained in the agreements between employers and employees.' Strong unions in trades requiring skilled work are most insistent Pro upon rules regulating apprenticeship. Only a comparatively small number of unions are able effectively to enforce rules limiting the number of apprentices." (See PATRIMONY; ILLEGAL MEN; OPEN TRADES; INDENTURED SERVICE; WISCONSIN APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM.) Approved Societies. See NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT. Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisation i Norge (Norwegian National Trade Union Federation). The principal labor organization of Norway; established 1899. A membership of 150,000 was represented by the Federation in July, 1920. Close relations are maintained with the Norske Arbeider Parti (Norway Labor Party), which since 1918 has been dominated by the communist elements. In 1919 the Party decided to join the third INTERNATIONALE, and a year later it adopted a resolution favoring a Soviet government for Norway. This revolutionary programme was endorsed by the Federation at its 1920 Congress. Arbeiter. Manual wage-earners are so called in Germanythe non-manual or salaried workers being known as ANGESTELLTEN. Arbeiterbildungsausschuss. See WORKING-CLASS EDUCA TION. Arbeiterkammern. Austrian chambers of labor or INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS, established under a law recently enacted by the National Assembly. Their general purpose is "to represent the economic interests and to promote the economic and social conditions of manual workers and salaried employees in industry, commerce, transportation, and mining." Each chamber of labor is to be composed of two sections-one for manual workers and one for salaried employees. A chamber may be composed of not less than thirty and not more than one hundred members. The election of members is to be effected according to the principles of proportionate representation, by direct secret ballot, and for a term of five years. Each section forms a separate electorate. The costs of the chambers of labor are to be borne by the workers and salaried employees themselves, and they are placed under the supervision of the Ministry for Social Administration. Arbeiterrat (Manual Wage-Earners' Works Council). See GERMAN WORKS COUNCILS LAW. Arbeitersekretariat. In the German trade union movement, an office for the collection, classification, and dissemination of |