tions for their members, and protection from seizure of property essential to the business of the unions. The general tendency in the French labor movement, as represented by the dominant labor group the C. G. T., and by the labor leaders within the Socialist Party seem to be to subordinate ordinary working-c ass or trade union aims to the furtherance of extreme revolutionary ideas. The communistic ideas of the working people had taken root before the war, and had been most strongly evidenced in the elections of 1914. The union of the labor leaders with the other parties during the war in the Union Sacrée for the common defense of the country silenced for a time the aspirations for control by the workers. The war ended, and the need for united action being past, the old differences reasserted themselves, augmented by the economic difficulties. which were a result of the war and by the effects of the Russian revolution. But for the present at least, the revolutionary tendencies within the labor movement seem well under the control of the government, which is backed not only by a powerful middle class but by a considerable non-revolutionary minority among the workers. (See' CONSEIL ECONOMIQUE DU TRAVAIL; EIGHT-HOUR DAY IN FRANCE; ASSOCIATIONS OUVRIÈRES DE PRODUCTION; BUREAUX PARITAIRES; FRENCH CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION LAW; Conseils de Prud'HOMMES; MUTUALITÉ; REFORMIST; SOCIETES COMPAGNONNIQUES; CHASSE AUX RENARD; CODE DU TRAVAIL ET DE LA PRÉVOYANCE TRAVAIL; CORPORATISME; GRÈVE AUX BRAS CROISÉS.)

French National Federation of Agricultural Laborers. See FRENCH LABOR MOVEMENT.

French National Vocational Schools. See ÉCOLES NATIONALES PROFESSIONALES.

French Superior Council of Labor. See CONSEIL SUPÉRIEUR DU TRAVAIL.

French Trade Union Congress. See CONFÉDÉRATION GÉNÉRALE DU TRAVAIL.

French Working-Men's Associations of Production. See ASSOCIATIONS OUVRIERES DE PRODUCTION.

Friendly Benefits. See BENEFITS.

Friendly Societies. Voluntary mutual thrift and insurance associations, formed mainly among the manual wage-earning class. Such associations have an immense combined membership in Great

Britain, where some of them date back to the 17th century. Their principal function is to provide financial assistance to members during illness, or to their families in case of death. Similar forms of organization in the United States are usually known as benevolent or benefit societies. (See NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT.)

Friendly Unionism. See UPLIFT UNIONISM.

Fringe of Unemployed. The excess in the supply of available workers over the demand, for the country as a whole or for any particular locality, at any given time. Though varying in size and shifting in character, this "fringe of unemployed" (or "margin of idleness," as it is sometimes called) is an integral feature of modern INDUSTRIALISM. (See LABOR Surplus; Reserve of Labor.)

Fruit Tramp. A nickname commonly applied in the Western states to a "casual" worker (often a member of the I. W. W.) who goes about from place to place finding short spells of employment in fruit-picking operations.

Full-Crew Laws. Owing to the practice of railroads in continually making trains longer and heavier, without proportionate increase in the size of the crews, about half the states of this country have enacted legislation requiring train crews to consist of a specified number of men for trains of specified length.

Full Pay. In the most usual sense, individual WAGES from which no deduction has been made for time when the worker was idle through no fault of his own.

Full Time. The normal number of working hours per day or week established by custom, by collective BARGAINING, or by law for a particular industry, occupation, or indust ial plant-the number of hours the employee regularly expects to work and the employer expects him to work. (See SHORT TIME; OVERTIME.)

Full Worker. One who has served his apprenticeship, and is entitled to regular JOURNEYMAN wages, etc., in his trade.

Functional Democracy. Advocates of GUILD SOCIALISM hold that all members of a community should be organized according to their individual functions in society. As producers they should be members of the "national guild" of their particular trades, these "national guilds" to be controlled by a central "council of guilds" or guild congress. As consumers, they should be members of the political State, whose machinery should be so modified as not only

to look after their interests as consumers but to perform other social functions as well. The consumers as a body should decide what and how much is to be produced; the producers, how and under what conditions production is to be carried on. It should be the joint function of both bodies to determine prices and distribution of income. Because of this emphasis upon "organization by function," guild socialism is sometimes referred to as "functional democracy.'

Functional Foremanship. In any shop system of SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, the worker's activity is as far as possible confined strictly to actual handling of the machine or tool, and of the material only as far as necessary to apply the tool to it. All other work is the function of management. In accordance with this idea, the TAYLOR SYSTEM involves a method known as "functional foremanship," by which "such details of administration as determination of the sequence of operations, machines, tools, and methods to be used, time to be taken, relative importance of orders, recording of operations, instruction of workmen, moving of materials, and maintenance of equipment and tools, are the special functions of separate foremen, each of whom is responsible for the proper handling of his detail with reference to a varying number of men, and all of whom bring to bear their specialized knowledge on each man." This system of functional foremanship is also sometimes called "divided foremanship" and "functional management." (See SINGLE FOREMANSHIP.)

13

Functional Management. See FUNCTIONAL FOREMANSHIP.
Funeral Benefits. See DEATH BENEFITS.

G

G. F. T. U. See GENERAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS. Gaffer. A slang term used by British workmen in designation of a foreman or GANG BOSS.

Gain Sharing. As evolved and named by Henry R. Towne, president of the Yale and Towne Manufacturing Company, this is often described as the application of PROFIT SHARING to the separate departments of a business instead of to the business as a whole, the plan being based upon demonstrable gains in the efficiency of departments as shown by careful accounting. In reality, however, it belongs to those related forms of remuneration in addition to wages which depend upon some other factor than net profits. Under the Towne system, the amount of the additional remuneration is proportionate to the "gain," or saving in the cost of production, irrespective of the rate of profit realized by the employer. Any plan of wage payment under the PREMIUM BONUS SYSTEM is sometimes called "gain sharing."

Gang Boss. A petty foreman, usually one in charge of a small group of workers engaged at a single specialized task. (See GAFFER; CHARGE-HAND.)

Gang Piece Work. See COLLECTIVE PIECE Work.

Gantt System. This term is sometimes applied to a general modification of the TAYLOR SYSTEM of SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, devised by H. L. Gantt, one of Taylor's associates; sometimes it is used with specific reference to the method of wage payment that is a part of the Gantt plan. Under this system, as described by Mr. Gantt, "each man has his work assigned to him in the form of a TASK to be done, by a prescribed method, with definite appliances, and to be completed within a certain time. The task is based on a detailed investigation by a trained expert of the best method of doing the work; and the task-setter, or his assistant, acts as an

instructor to teach the workmen to do the work in the manner and time specified. If the work is done within the time allowed by the expert, and is up to the standard for quality, the workman receives extra compensation (usually 20 to 50 per cent of the time allowed) in addition to his day's pay. If it is not done in the time set, or is not up to the standard for quality, the workman receives his day's pay only. The system is thus in effect a combination of the dayrate and PIECE WORK Systems." Under the Gantt system in general, the existing form of organization in an industrial plant is left more nearly intact than under the Taylor system. As a rule, also, the TIME AND MOTION STUDIES are not so minute, and the percentage of allowance for such factors as interference, FATIGUE, and inertia is more liberal, thus making it easier for the worker to earn the bonus earlier and even to go under the bonus time. The GANG BOSS as a rule receives a bonus for each worker who fulfills his task satisfactorily, and a double bonus when all the workers under his supervision are successful. The Gantt plan of wage payment is often called the "task and bonus system," but this name could be applied with equal accuracy to some of the other methods of wage payment under scientific management.

Garnishment of Wages. The process of requiring an employer, by court order, to withhold the payment of wages due an employee pending the determination of a legal claim against the employee. Also called "trusteeing of wages." (See WAGE EXEMPTION.)

Garret Master or Garret Boss. See LITTLE MASTER.

Garton Foundation Report. A detailed memorandum on the industrial situation in Great Britain as affected by the first two years of war, published in 1916 by the Garton Foundation, London, of which Arthur Balfour, Viscount Esher, and Sir Richard Garton are trustees. To allay INDUSTRIAL UNREST, the Report proposed the replacing of the idea of private advantage by that of public service, through a system of joint committees or councils leading up through factory and district representation to a national industrial council for each major industry. The WHITLEY PLAN is largely based on the recommendations of this report.

Gemeinsamerbetriebsrat (Joint Works Council). See GERMAN WORKS COUNCILS LAW.

General Council, Trades Union Congress. See TRADES UNION CONGRESS.