although certain nominal survivals are still to be found in various parts of Europe. Some authorities trace the origin of the modern trade union back to the medieval guilds, but this connection has been rather convincingly disproved by Mr. and Mrs. Webb. Quite aside from the above-described system, the term "guild" is often used in designation of various forms of association for cooperative effort, some of which are of considerable antiquity. (See INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION; HANDICRAFT SYSTEM.)

RACY.

Guild Congress. See GUILD SOCIALISM; FUNCTIONAL DEMOC

Guild Socialism. A plan for the management of industry by self-governing organizations of workers, acting in cooperation with the political State, which has won many adherents in Great Britain during the past few years. Under this plan, "ownership of the means of production is to rest with the community, but the Trade Unions are to be definitely recognized by the State as the normal controllers of industry. They are to be statutory bodies exercising a monopoly but admitting of free entry on reasonable conditions. The amount and character of their production are to be determined for them by demand, but the methods and processes are to be left entirely in their hands: they are to elect their own officials, and to be self-governing corporations with the widest powers. In fact, they are to resemble in their main characteristics the self-governing professions, the doctors and the lawyers, of the present. As the Unions will include every one concerned in the industry, from general manager to laborers, they will be in essence 'Guilds,' i.e., associations not of dependent, but of independent, producers." summary is from the pen of one of the leaders in the movement, G. D. H. Cole. The same writer says, in another place: "We who call ourselves National Guildsmen look forward to a community in which production will be organized through democratic association of all the workers in each industry linked up in a body representing all the workers in all industries. On the other hand we look forward to a democratization of the State and of local government, and to sharing of industrial control between producers and consumers. The State should own the means of production; the Guild should control the work of production." Under this plan there would be, in addition to the Parliament or national political assembly (elected, as at present, on a territorial basis and representing the community as consumers), a national "Guild Congress," consisting of representatives of the national guilds and representing the community as

producers, which would enact and enforce all purely industrial legislation. An equal number of representatives from the Parliament and the Guild Congress, in the form of a Joint Committee, would constitute the ultimate sovereign body of the community. Relations between different groups of producers would be the concern of the Guild Congress; matters concerning the territorial or geographical interests of the inhabitants, and their interests as consumers, would be decided by the Parliament; while all disputes between these two bodies, and questions involving producers and consumers alike, would be decided by the Joint Committee. Thus, guild socialism steers a middle course between SYNDICALISM, on the one hand, which would abolish the political State altogether and take account of men only or chiefly as producers; and, on the other hand, STATE SOCIALISM, which would enhance the powers of the political State and deal with men wholly or chiefly as consumers. The British guild socialists are divided into several factions, differing chiefly on the form of the political Parliament, or the degree of sovereignty which it will exercise, in connection with the Guild Congress or economic Parliament. But notwithstanding divided counsels in the movement, guild socialism has exerted a strong influence on a number of prominent trade unionists, and it has been made the basis of several interesting experiments in British industrial affairs. (See FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY; DUAL STATE; COLLECTIVE CONTRACT; INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONALIZATION.)

Gumshoes. See UNDER-COVER MEN.

Gunmen. See ARMED GUARDS.

Guv'nor's Man. See COMPANY MAN.

H

Half Members. In some unions, as for example the United Mine Workers, boys under sixteen years of age are taken into the union as "half members." They pay only half as much in the way of dues and assessments as full members, and have but half a vote in the deliberations of the local union.

Half-Time System. Under the British FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS, this term refers to the various regulations and restrictions under which children and yoUNG PERSONS may be employed either for consecutive half-days (that is, in morning or afternoon "sets") or for alternate full days during the week; leaving one-half of their time free for schooling. Those employed under the half-time system are commonly known as "half-timers."

Half-Timers. See HALF-TIME SYSTEM.

Halsey Plan. This, the simplest form of the PREMIUM BONUS SYSTEM of wage payment, was devised by F. A. Halsey, an American engineer. By reference to past records the normal or standard time required for a given job is ascertained. If the worker completes the job in less than this standard time, he receives a bonus or premium, graduated in proportion to the amount of time saved. If he does not produce the normal amount of work, he still receives the usual time wage. Thus, if the standard time allowance for a job is ten hours, and the worker does the job in six hours, payment will be made for six hours and also for a proportion (usually either one-third or onehalf) of the four hours saved in doing the job.

Hammering from Without. See DUAL UNIONISM; BORING FROM WITHIN.

Handicraft System. A name given to the second stage in modern INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION-the stage following the FAMILY SYSTEM and preceding the DOMESTIC SYSTEM. This is the stage, according to W. J. Ashley, "when professional craftsmen come into

existence: men who, though they may have small holdings of land which they cultivate, and may indeed receive remuneration in the shape, to some extent, of these holdings, are yet primarily craftsmen-primarily, for instance, weavers or smiths. . . . Production in this stage is still on a small scale; it takes place either at the customer's home or in a small workshop or room or shed within or adjoining the craftsman's own dwelling; and there is no intermediary between producer and consumer. The producer either works on the customer's own materials or, if he buys his own material and has not only 'labor' but a 'commodity' to sell, he deals directly with a small neighboring circle of patrons. There is a 'market' in the modern business or economic sense, but it is a small and near one, and the producer is in direct touch with it; though, indeed, it may sometimes consist, not of the ultimate consuming public, but of fellowartisans in some other 'mistery."" (See DIVISION OF LABOR; TOWN ECONOMY; GUILD.)

Hands. A common designation, of long standing, for members of the working class-as for example, "mill hands," "farm hands,” "factory hands," etc. The use of this term unconsciously reveals the deep-rooted conception of labor as a commodity, and of the laborer as a sort of automatic machine rather than a human being. (See COMMODITY THEORY OF LABOR; GREEN HANDS.)

Handy-Man. See HELPER.

Hart, Schaffner & Marx Labor Agreement. This "industrial constitution," adopted by negotiation between a large men's clothing factory in Chicago and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, has been called "the most successful and most highly developed machinery of labor adjustment in the United Statesperhaps in the world." Since this agreement was first reached in January, 1911, there has not been a strike in the large Hart, Schaffner & Marx establishment, employing normally 7,000 workers; although the employees, virtually all of whom are members of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, have gained a long succession of improvements in hours, wages, working conditions, and shop control. The essential feature of the plan is a system of CONTINUOUS ARBITRATION, vested in two permanent joint bodies-the Trade Board and the Board of Arbitration. The former, which is the primary board for adjusting grievances, consists of ten employees of the company, five chosen by the management and five by the union, with a chairman representing the mutual interests of both sides. The Board of

Arbitration, which has full and final jurisdiction over all matters arising under the agreement, consists of three members, one chosen by the management and one by the union, with an IMPARTIAL CHAIRMAN selected by both parties. This impartial chairman is in effect the controlling or regulating factor in the entire arrangement. Besides these two bodies, provision is made for various minor officialscompany and union DEPUTIES, SHOP CHAIRMEN, etc.-who assist in the operation of the agreement. The PREFERENTIAL SHOP principle is an important feature of the entire arrangement. Labor agreements modelled on the Hart, Schaffner & Marx plan have been adopted by many other American employers in the men's clothing trade.

Hartal. The name given to a mild form of GENERAL STRIKE in India. The hartal has so far been resorted to mainly by way of political protest, and is more in the nature of passive resistance than active insurrection. "On appointed days a general strike of the classes and the masses is called in protest against some injustice, and business is practically suspended in one or several large towns of a province. Frequently the call extends to the towns in several provinces." The hartal was originally an ancient Indian customa day of public mourning. Its modern form, as described above, is sometimes called the satyagraha or “passive resistance strike."

Harvest Labor Problem. See LABOR OUTINGS.

Harvest Stiff. A migratory worker, often a member of the I. W. W., who travels from farm to farm in the Western states, helping in harvesting operations, is thus colloquially known. (See STIFF.)

Harvester Works Council Plan. As adopted in 1919 by the International Harvester Company, this plan provides for the formation in each of the company's plants of a joint WORKS COMMITTEE or council for the "consideration of all questions of policy relating to working conditions, health, safety, hours of labor, wages, recreation, education, and other similar matters of mutual interest." Employees and management have equal representation on the works council. The final decision upon any matter over which a deadlock has been reached rests in the hands of an "impartial and disinterested" ARBITRATOR or arbitration committee.

Harvesters. A trade union nickname for skilled workmen who come to this country from Europe for a few months of work during the "rush" season and then return home. Some unions,