L

La Follette Seamen's Act. See SEAMEN'S ACT.

Label Administration. In trade unions using the UNION LABEL, the determining of conditions under which the label shall be granted and the defining of methods for issuing the label are usually functions of the national rather than of local officers. It is important to create and enforce uniform conditions, to prevent the unauthorized use of labels, and to see that manufacturers having LABEL AGREEMENTS are duly protected. Sometimes these matters are entrusted to the president of the national body, sometimes to the secretary or secretary-treasurer. At least one union has a national official known as the "label holder," who keeps the labels under lock and key and gives them as needed to the national secretary, who in turn distributes them to the local unions. The local administration of the label is vested in the officers either of the DISTRICT COUNCIL or of the local unions. Where more than one local of a national union is chartered in any locality, the "joint councils" of representatives from such locals administer the label for that locality. In certain unions where the label is of particular importance, the locals have special officers known as "label custodians" or "label secretaries" for the performance of this duty. In others the task is delegated to a local "label committee." The administration of the label in the individual shop is usually entrusted to the regular SHOP STEWARD, although sometimes a special "label steward" is appointed for this specific purpose.

Label Advertiser. See LABEL AGITATOR.

Label Agitator. The work of extending the use of the UNION LABEL and of creating a demand among trade unionists for LABEL GOODS is ordinarily a function of local unions. In some cases, however, this task is delegated to the national union, and is either part of the functions of the national ORGANIZERS or is entrusted to special officials known as "label agitators" or "label advertisers," who travel about the country working among local unions and speaking in

behalf of the label before groups of trade unionists. (See DEPUTY SYSTEM.)

Label Agreement or Label Contract. In those trades which use the UNION LABEL, it is customary for local trade unions to make formal compacts with individual employers setting forth the terms and conditions under which the label is to be used. In return for the privilege of using the label, the employer ordinarily agrees to hire only union labor and to submit all disputes to ARBITRATION. The union commonly agrees not to sanction any strike, and to assist the employer in procuring competent workers in the place of any who may insist upon striking; while the employer agrees not to lock out his workers. (See LABEL SHOP.)

Label Committee. See LABEL ADMINISTRATION.

Label Contract. See LABEL AGREEMENT.

Label Custodian. See LABEL ADMINISTRATION.

Label Goods or Label Products. Goods or products bearing the UNION LABEL are thus designated by trade unionists. (See LABEL JURISDICTION; LABEL TRADES.)

Label Holder. See LABEL ADMINISTRATION.

Label Jurisdiction. Frequent disputes arise between trade unions using the UNION LABEL in regard to the exclusive use of the label on certain products or the exclusive right to organize workers engaged in producing LABEL GOODS. These difficulties arise in three classes of cases: (1) Where the members of two trades claim the right to do the same work and to place their label on the product; (2) where the product is one made by workers of several distinct trades each of which claims the right to participate in the regulation of the label; and (3) where certain trades are essentially subsidiary. Such disputes are usually settled by JURISDICTIONAL AGREEMENTS between the national or local unions involved. In cases of the second-named class, the adoption of a JOINT LABEL has generally served to solve the difficulty. In the third-named class it is sometimes required that members of the subsidiary trades shall become members of the label-using union, in addition to holding membership in the union of their own trade or craft. (See ALLIED PRINTING TRADES COUNCILS.)

Label Leagues. See UNION LABEL LEAGUES.

Label Secretary. See LABEL ADMINISTRATION.

Label Shop. An industrial establishment which uses the UNION LABEL on its product, in accordance with the terms of a LABEL

AGREEMENT.

Label Steward. See LABEL ADMINISTRATION.

Label Trades. Those occupations or industries the product of which commonly bear the UNION LABEL are sometimes so called. Cigar making is the oldest and best known of the label trades.

Label Unions. Those labor organizations, local or national, which make use of the UNION LABEL on articles produced by their members, are so called. Such unions are sometimes initiated and fostered by employers, who wish to secure the use of the label as a commercial asset. (See DEPENDENT UNIONISM.)

Labor. In the classic economic definition, "human exertion of mind or body undergone with the object of creating goods"; one of the three agents of production, land and capital being the others. But, unlike land and capital, labor is not a tangible thing; it can never be disassociated from the body and mind of the laborer. Hence the old economic classification has in part given rise to limitless current confusion, as implying that "labor" and "capital" are coordinate things which, according to the cant formula, must "get together," "cooperate," "adjust their differences," etc., etc. As the English writer, R. H. Tawney, has well said, "labor' consists of persons; 'capital' consists of things or claims to things. To lament 'the strife,' or to plead for 'cooperation' between 'labor and capital' is much as though an author should deplore the ill-feeling between carpenters and hammers or undertake a crusade to restore harmonious relations between mankind and their boots. The muddle is not mended by the fact that by 'capital' is meant 'capitalists.' For the vice of the phrase is that it treats the claims of 'labor and capital' as coordinate. If they are, and were generally recognized to be, coordinate, cadit quæstio. But the problem only arises because an increasing proportion of mankind believes that the world should be managed primarily for those who work, not for those who own. To start by burying that fundamental issue beneath smooth phrases as to 'the common aim of industry' is to assume the very point which requires to be proved, and which alone provides matter for discussion." In the present book and in nearly all treatments or discussions of the LABOR MOVEMENT, it is MANUAL LABOR that is chiefly referred to-not because manual labor is regarded as the only form of labor, but because "it is that kind of labor which those

who engage in the movement believe to have been most wronged in the past and most to need having wrongs righted in the present." For a broad inclusive definition of labor Ruskin's is probably the best: "Labor is the contest of the life of man with an opposite; the term 'life' including his intellect, soul, and physical power, contending with question, difficulty, trial, or material force." (See COMMODITY THEORY OF LABOR; LABOR SUPPLY; SUPPLY and DeMAND, LAW OF.)

Labor Agreement. SEE TRADE AGREEMENT.

"Labor and the New Social Order." A draft report on post-war reconstruction, prepared by a sub-committee of the BRITISH LABOR PARTY and submitted to the Party in January, 1918. Most of its proposals were adopted in the form of resolutions at the Party's summer conference, in June, 1918. The report was widely reprinted and discussed as one of the most significant documents of the war period.

Labor Armies. See REVOLUTIONARY LABOR ARMIES.

Labor Audit. Defined by Messrs. Tead and Metcalf as "a reasonably exhaustive and systematic statement and analysis of the facts and forces in an industrial organization which affect the relations between employees and management, and between employees and their work; followed by recommendations as to ways of making the organization more socially and humanly productive and solvent." It is the work of a trained auditor or investigator, who corresponds, in the field of labor relations, to a financial auditor or sales auditor in the financial and selling fields of industry. The labor audit is an important function of PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION.

Labor Booklet. In order to avoid as far as possible disputes between individual wage earners and the employers of labor over the performance of the terms of employment, every worker in Russia is provided with a "labor booklet," in which must be entered the terms of his employment, the quantity of work performed, the amount of wages received by him, and all other particulars relating to his work and payment. This general system has long prevailed in other European countries, and even in Russia it is by no means an innovation of the Soviet government. In present-day Russia, however, the "labor booklet" serves as a passport and as a method of enforcing the Soviet labor code.

Labor Boss. See Boss.

Labor Camps. Living quarters, generally provided by employers, for workers engaged upon industrial operations (mining, lumbering, railway construction, agriculture, etc.) in regions inaccessible or inconvenient to ordinary towns or cities. Such camps are usually of a temporary nature, although the investigations of the FEDERAL COMMISSION ON INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS disclosed "a large number" of labor camps "which have been in existence for more than a generation." Labor camps for certain kinds of work have been brought under public regulation in a few states. (See CLOSED CAMP; COMPANY HOUSING; JUNGLE; FLUNKEY; WALKER.)

Labor Checks. Some socialists have advocated that so-called "labor checks" be substituted for money in the future SOCIALIST COMMONWEALTH. In such a State, it is argued, every individual will work for the common good, and for purposes of exchange there will be necessary only an official ticket or token certifying to the amount of such work that has been rendered during a specified period of time. These tickets or tokens would be exchangeable for goods in the various stores owned and operated by the State.

Labor Church Movement. Originating in England in 1891, this movement has since spread to the United States, Canada, and elsewhere. It consists in the establishment of special places of worship for members of the laboring classes, its supporters believing that "the emancipation of labor can only be realized so far as men learn both the economic and the moral laws of God, and heartily endeavor to obey them."

Labor Clearance Zones. See ZONE CLEARANCE SYSTEM.

Labor College. See CENTRAL LABOR College.

Labor Colonies. Described as an attempt to "put the waste labor on the waste land by means of the waste capital," labor colonies date back to 1818, when the Society of Beneficence founded the first Dutch enterprise. The members of these colonies are recruited from the ranks of the defective, the vagrant, the inefficient, and the unemployed. Their purpose is generally to provide temporary employment, usually of an agricultural nature, for destitute workers, who receive not only board and lodging but some nominal wages also. The organization of labor colonies has been undertaken by public authorities or private charity associations in nearly all large countries. Sometimes (as in Belgium) such colonies are mainly in the nature of penal institutions for beggars and vagrants. In America the