Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen. The origin and nature of this organization are explained in the 1920 report of the NATURALIZATION BUREAU as follows: "During the war great difficulty was experienced in getting out spruce from the northwest woods for use in aeroplane production. So much opposition was encountered from those who endeavored to obstruct the Government in its successful prosecution of the war that it became necessary to organize patriotic employers and employees of the logging and lumbering industry to combat this menace. Thus, with the cooperation of the War Department, the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen came into being [in the summer of 1917]. Primarily established to promote unity of interest and efficiency in the rapidity of output to help win the war, the organization was found to be of such great value to both employer and employee that it was continued as mutually beneficial after hostilities ceased. The 'Four-L's' organization, as it is commonly called, requires all its members to be American citizens or to have declared their intention to become such. Its territory includes the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, throughout which approximately 500 locals have been organized." Made up as it is of both employers and workers, the "Four-L's" is not a labor organization in the usual sense of that term. Its most obvious purpose is to serve as a back-fire to the I. W. W. movement.

Luddites. Riotous bands of manual workers in England who, in 1811-16, under some sort of organization, went about destroying textile machinery and sometimes wrecking factories. The centre of the Luddite movement was at Nottingham, though it extended in varying degree throughout most of the country.

Lumberjack. Nickname for a laborer employed in largescale lumbering operations.

Lump of Labor Theory. A kind of antithesis to the WAGE FUND THEORY, which trade unionists sometimes urge in defending the policy of LIMITATION OF OUTPUT. Roughly speaking, from the worker's point of view, there is a fairly definite amount of labor to be performed at any given time, irrespective of the cost of production or the selling price of the product. If the pace of production is voluntarily slackened, a larger number of workers will be required. Thus, SOLDIERING or working below the normal standard of efficiency is justified on the ground that the total volume of employment is hereby increased, with resulting advantage to the labor group as a whole. This is sometimes called the "work fund theory"; while a

more detailed and "scientific" elaboration of the same idea is known as the "fixed group demand theory."

Lumper, Lumping, Lump-Work. In certain trades, par-. ticularly the various building industries, the term "lumper" is applied to a sub-contractor who takes over a part of the work from the regular contractor, and agrees to do this work for a specified lump sum within a specified time. This process is known as "lumping," and the work thus taken over is called "lump-work" or "estimate work." "The sub-contractors are likely to be small employers of little standing in the trade, or a group of JOURNEYMEN who have formed a permanent or temporary partnership, and who intend to work the job themselves, and hope to make an added profit by the violation of union rules." Trade union hostility is rapidly causing the "lump-work" system to disappear. (See SUB-CONTRACTING.)

Lusker, Lusking. Slang terms derived from the name of C. R. Lusk, a state senator of New York who in 1919-20 headed a state legislative committee for investigating socialist and radical activities. In socialistic parlance, "lusking" is the pursuance of inquisitorial and terroristic methods in dealing with social reform movements; and a "lusker" is any public official who pursues such methods.

Luxemburg Trade Union Commission. See COMMISSION SYNDICALE DE LUXEMBOURG.

Lying-in-Benefits. See MATERNITY INSURANCE.

M

Machine Question. In industry, the adoption of machinery which supersedes hand production, or of improved machinery or improved technical processes which supersede old methods, invariably opens up many sources of conflict not only between the workers and their employer but between one union and another. A new DIVISION OF LABOR is usually involved; new wage scales must be formulated; many skilled workers may find their occupation gone; questions over the right of different unions to JURISDICTION Over the new process or operation generally arise. With specific reference to the relations between employers and workers, the introduction of new machinery or processes makes necessary the formulation of a new policy on the part of the trade union involved, and this policy must be harmonized with the employer's plans. "Thus it must be decided whether or not the union shall oppose the new process. If unopposed, shall the union maintain control over it, and to what extent, if any, shall the union profit by it? Shall the men receive all of the benefit resulting from economies in the new process; or shall they receive a part, and if so, what part; or, shall all of the benefit go to the employer; or, where the new process results in the lessening of the skill required by the workmen, shall the latter submit to an actual reduction in wages?" While these questions are often amicably settled by COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, they occasionally lead to long and bitter struggles. "It is probably not far wrong to say that trade unionists universally regard the introduction of new machinery as a misfortune. With the possible exception of a very few industries, like cotton manufacture, in which machine production has already been long and highly developed, a new machine always appears to the workingman as a displacer of men, a creator of UNEMPLOYMENT, a depresser of wages. Trade union leaders, even when they express their acceptance of the advance of machine production as a necessary feature of social progress, usually manifest the feeling that, if it is not inevitably at the expense of the workingman, it at least increases the difficulty of maintaining his economic position. It is doubtful whether any union which felt strong enough to keep

machinery out of its trade ever submitted without a contest to the introduction of it." But organized labor has learned by costly experience the futility of fighting against the machine as such; and such difficulties as now arise belong for the most part in the realm of wage adjustments, the division of labor, and trade union jurisdiction. The unions that have fared best in their dealings with machinery are those that have frankly and promptly recognized the inevitableness of it, and have devoted their energies, not to the hopeless task of preventing the use of it, but to regulating the manner of use. (See DILUTION OF LABOR; Two-MACHINE SYSTEM; INTRODUCTION OF NEW PROCESSES.)

McNamara Case. An historic episode in American labor annals. In 1911 J. J. McNamara, Secretary of the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, and his brother, J. B. McNamara, were indicted and tried on a charge of dynamiting the Los Angeles "Times" building, which resulted in a heavy loss of life. Under the impression that the case was a "frame-up," wide interest was aroused in labor circles and a large fund was collected to support the defendants. Conservative labor leaders who had rallied to the McNamaras' cause were thrown into confusion by the defendants' confession of guilt, which led to a life sentence for one brother and a long term imprisonment for the other. (See VIOLENCE IN THE LABOR MOVEMENT.)

Madras Labor Union. See INDIA, LABOR ORGANIZATION IN.

Magna Charta of Labor. See LABOR PLATFORM OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

Maisons des Ouvriers. As found in some of the larger French industrial centres, these are buildings which serve as headquarters for all local or regional trade union activities. They are usually built and maintained by the local BOURSES DU TRAVAIL.

Maisons du Peuple. In Belgium and France, cooperative bakeries and distributive societies, including thousands of workmen of every calling. A part of their profits is returned to the individual consumers in the form of checks exchangeable for bread or other articles, part is reserved for educational, propagandist, and political purposes; and part is returned to employees as a dividend on wages.

Malingering or Malingery. In an industrial sense, the feigning of illness or disability by an individual worker, in order

to secure the advantage of sick BENEFITS, accident compensation, etc., or in order to shirk a required task while on duty. One who thus feigns or shams illness is a "malingerer." All trade unions that pay sick or disability benefits have more or less stringent methods for the detection of malingering. Thus, the constitution of the Iron Molders' Union provides that sick members must be visited each week by a "sick committee" of at least two persons, and the findings of the committee must be reported at the regular meeting of the union. A local union may also provide in its BY-LAWS that a physician's certificate shall be furnished before sick benefits are paid. (See WAITING PERIOD.)

Mals. Members of amalgamated societies or associations are often thus nicknamed in England.

Malthusianism. The doctrine set forth by T. R. Malthus in his "Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), to the effect that population tends to outstrip the available food supply in the absence of such positive checks as war, famine, poverty, and dis se, or such negative checks as celibacy and moral restraint. The )called IRON LAW OF WAGES was largely based upon this the and in conjunction with the WAGE FUND THEORY it was once a favorite argument directed toward exposing the futility of working-class efforts to raise wages through organization and combination. Opponents of trade unions, say Mr. and Mrs. Webb, long delighted in pointing out that "if combination were for a time to raise wages, the growth of the wage-fund would be unnaturally retarded, whilst a fictitious stimulus would be given to population by the momentary enrichment of the laboring class. A diminished demand for labor would coincide with an increased supply. The laborer's wages would be forced down to starvation-point; and his last state would be worse than his first." Malthusianism, or the "population principle" as it is sometimes called, now occupies a prominent place in the economic "discard."

Management Sharing. See EMPLOYEE REPRESENTATION.

Manchester Building Guild. A recently formed federation of the organized building trades of Manchester, England, which has concluded arrangements to erect a number of houses for that municipality. The guild will give a definite estimate of the cost for each type of house to be built, which must be approved by the local authority and the national Ministry of Health. The guild will receive a lump sum of £40 ($195, par) per house, plus six per cent