yond twice the original rate per hour-because, in order to accomplish a hundred per cent increase on the original rate the worker would have to save one hundred per cent of the time, or in other words he would have to do the job in no time at all.

Royals. In English labor slang, these are picked men among the "casual" dockworkers-those who are on the preference lists of employers and are hired more frequently than the ordinary "casual" DOCKER. (See RESERVE OF LABOR.)

Royalty. In connection with British mining, this is a percentage on the output of a mine paid by the mine OPERATOR to the Crown or other owner of the land upon which the mine is situated. Rule Book. See WORKing Rules.

Rules. See WORKING RULES.

Rump Union. A seceding or OUTLAW trade union is sometimes so designated by members of "regular" labor organizations. (See SECESSIONISTS.)

Run-of-Mine System. See SCREENING SYSTEM.

Runaway Strike. See INDEPENDENT STRIKE.

Rusher. See SPEEDING UP.

Ruskin College. This, the first residential college for workingclass students in England, was founded at Oxford about twenty years ago by two Americans, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Vrooman. The aim of the founders was to establish an institution where workers endeavoring to elevate their class and not to rise out of it might obtain an education in the social sciences of most value to the growing democratic working-class movement, "untrammeled by the conventional outlook of any one school of thought or section or party." It is described by its officials as a "school of citizenship and public administration for workingmen, endeavoring to create in each student a feeling that the education which he receives is not a means of personal advancement, but a trust for the good of others." The provisions for residential education at Ruskin College are intended for workingmen who show special promise and who are likely to be called upon by their fellow workers to take up positions in which wise leadership is required; by this means they are enabled to come to Oxford and study the problems they may have to solve. By means of a correspondence course, the college reaches a great number of workers

who cannot take residence at Oxford. The college is supported mainly by trade unions, cooperative societies, and other workingclass organizations, and partly by individual subscribers. The majority of the students come to the college by means of scholarships provided by working-class organizations. The college aims to provide a thoroughly broad education in economics, history, local government, cooperation, and trade unionism. English literature and French and German are also studied.

Russian Communist Party. See BOLSHEVISM

Rustler. See RUSTLING CARD.

Rustling Card. Beginning in 1912, the Anaconda Copper Company of Butte, Montana, required every applicant for employment to fill out a blank giving full information regarding himself and his previous situations. If the information given was acceptable, the company issued to the applicant a card which entitled him to apply for work to any foreman of the mines. This card was called a "rustling card"; its holder was a "rustler," one privileged to "rustle the mine"-i.e., apply for work among the mine foremen. No one without a "rustling card" was permitted to be taken on. With one or two important modifications, the rustling card system continues in operation at the present time. Now, however, it is under the control of a joint employment office of most of the companies in the district, known as the Butte Mutual Labor Bureau. Its purpose is of course to keep out miners who are "undesirable" from the operators' point of view. It has been the cause of much bitter feeling among the miners, who regard it as essentially a BLACKLIST system. Somewhat similar employment systems, in which the use of what are called "rustling cards" is a prominent feature, are occasionally found in other American industries.

S

S. D. F. See SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION.

S. T. U. C. See SCOTTISH TRADES UNION CONGRESS.

Sab-Cat. An I. W. W. nickname for the organization's familiar emblem-a black cat and a wooden shoe. "Sab" is an abbreviation of "sabotage," derived from the French sabot, a wooden shoe. The symbolism of the cat has not been explained. The emblem often appears in connection with such related mottoes as "A kick in time saves nine," "Kick your way out of wage slavery," "Our coat of arms: the shoe rampant,' A kick on the job is worth ten at the ballot-box," "Immediate demands: wooden shoes on all jobs," "The foot in the wooden shoe will rock the world," etc. The term "sabcat" is sometimes applied to an individual I. W. W. who practices

SABOTAGE.

Sabotage. Derived from the French word sabot, meaning a wooden shoe, this term is often supposed to have originally denoted the idea of stalling machinery by throwing a wooden clog into it. Probably its more direct derivation is from the French verb saboter (itself derived from sabot), meaning to bungle or to botch; while some find its origin in the French expression, "Travailler à coups de sabots," meaning to work as one wearing wooden shoes, often applied to lazy or slow-moving persons. If the derivation of the term is elusive, its precise meaning is even more difficult of statement. According to J. A. Esty, sabotage "is a comprehensive term, covering every process by which the laborer, while remaining at work, tries to damage the interests of his employer, whether by simple malingering, or by bad quality of work, or by doing actual damage to tools and machinery." In this sense, the most common forms of sabotage consist in systematic loafing at work, known as ca' CANNY or STRIKING ON THE JOB; in wasting materials, turning out damaged or inferior goods, misdirecting shipments, etc.; and in such acts as putting soap in engine boilers to retard the development of steam, putting sand in

delicate bearings, or short-circuiting electrical apparatus. But besides these and innumerable other forms of malicious sabotage, there are certain intrinsically harmless or (as far as the consumer is concerned) actually beneficial forms which are often practiced, but of which the above-quoted definition takes no account. In this latter class belong the common practice of living up to the letter of certain safety rules enacted by the employer for his own protection but not really intended to be observed-as exemplified in the WORK-TO-RULE MOVEMENT; or the practice of doing a job so thoroughly and efficiently that there can be little if any profit in it for the employer; or telling a customer the precise truth about inferior or adulterated goods (called the OPEN-MOUTH STRIKE); or giving full weight when fraudulent scales are used; etc., etc. As summarized by John Spargo, "sabotage is a principle of action rather than a method-a principle of action capable of an almost infinite variety of applications. It may involve violence, or it may be peaceful. It may involve destruction of property or it may not. It may be based on illegal acts or it may not. It may consist of telling lies or of telling the simple truth. . . . It is essentially a furtive and stealthy policy, practiced by individual workers, having for its aim the obstruction of industry and business to such an extent that the employers will suffer a loss of profits so great as to be compelled to grant the workers' demands." Sabotage is in the social or industrial war what guerilla fighting is in national wars. While a favorite method of SYNDICALISM and REVOLUTIONARY UNIONISM, it is for the most part vigorously repudiated by orthodox trade unionists. In common usage, the word "sabotage" has both its verbal and its adjectival forms—“to sabotage," "sabotaging," "sabotaged," etc. (See CONSCIENTIOUS WITHDRAWAL OF EFFICIENCY; SCAMPING; RATTENING; GREVE PERLEE; STRIKE OF THE MACHINE; SABOTAGE LAW; CRIMINAL SYNDICALISM LAWS.)

Sabotage Law. By this title is commonly known the Federal enactment of May, 1918, which declares to be unlawful any association "one of whose purposes or professed purposes is to bring about any governmental, social, industrial or economic change within the United States by the use, without authority of law, of physical force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or by threats of such injury, or which teaches, advocates, advises or defends the use... of physical force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or threats of such injury, to accomplish such change or for any other purpose, and which, during any war in which the

United States is engaged, shall by any such means prosecute or pursue such purpose or professed purpose, or shall so teach, advocate, advise or defend." Severe penalties are provided for anyone who connects himself in any way with such an association.

Sack. In British labor slang, "to get the sack" is to be discharged from work; or, in an active sense, "to sack" a worker is to discharge him. At one time manufacturers who employed those who worked at home put the work in a bag or sack. If when brought back the work was satisfactory, the bag or sack was filled again with materials; if not, it was laid empty on the counter, and this indicated that the person would no longer be employed by the firm. Sacrificed Member. See VICTIMIZATION.

Safety. See INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.

Safety Appliance Act. A Federal enactment of 1897 "to promote the safety of employees and travellers upon railroads by compelling the common carriers engaged in interstate commerce to equip their cars with automatic couplers and continuous brakes, and their locomotives with driving-wheel brakes, and for other purposes."

Safety Codes. Standard instructions or regulations for the prevention of accidents, promotion of correct sanitary principles, etc., for particular industries, kinds of work, forms of machinery or other apparatus, etc. Under the general direction of the Bureau of Standards of the Federal Department of Commerce, a National Safety Code Committee has recently been formed, to organize the formulation of uniform national safety codes in all the main industries of the country. The drafting and enforcing of industrial safety codes often forms an important part of a STATE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION'S work.

Safety Committees. See INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.

Safety Engineers. Technical experts employed in large industrial plants to study the hazards of the particular work being carried on, to devise safeguards for the prevention of accidents, and to create the elements of attention, understanding, and discipline necessary to make those safeguards effective. Also called "safety supervisors." (See ENGINEERING Revision.)

Safety First Movement. The systematic effort, on the part of employers, public authorities, national, state, and local organizations, etc., to prevent industrial and other accidents, to safeguard