word of the movement. Bourgeois society can only be supplanted as the workers develop "social tissue" of their own, and create new organisms capable of expressing their desires and serving their interests. Through the avenue of industrial unionism, and rejecting all political methods, alliances, and compromises, syndicalism aims finally to capture the State by means of the national or "social" GENERAL STRIKE, and then to substitute for it a government of trade unions which would regard all its citizens in their primary capacity as producers rather than consumers. SABOTAGE and the BOYCOTT— every form of DIRECT ACTION, in fact-are to be employed as incidental or transient means in achieving this end. Syndicalism thus frankly relies upon coercion, the pitting of organized working-class force against organized capitalistic force. But such coercion does not necessarily imply violence, in the sense of bloodshed and destruction; and violence has in fact hitherto played but a small part in the movement. The syndicalist scorns SOCIALISM as a palliative and compromise. He is at one with the anarchist in his hostility to the State; but whereas he would simply substitute for the present State another form of authority-that of trade unionism-the true anarchist is opposed to every form of coercive government. There is some common ground between syndicalism and COOPERATION, and still more between syndicalism and GUILD SOCIALISM; but in both cases the differences heavily outweigh the resemblances. In France, the syndicalist movement is closely allied with what is known as anarchist communism, though this term leaves out of account the fundamental industrial basis of syndicalism. Originating as it did within the French labor movement, syndicalism is most properly associated with the CONFEDERATION GÉNÉRALE DU TRAVAIL, within which body it has long been the dominant philosophy. There, however, it assumes a much milder form than in some of the countries to which it has been exported-notably America, where the syndicalism of the I. W. W. has little in common with the French movement. (See INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONALIZATION; SOCIALISM OF INSTITUTIONS; CRIMINAL SYNDICALISM LAWS; BORING FROM WITHIN; CE-GE-TEIST; INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRATS; MINERS' NEXT STEP; GRAND NATIONAL; NEO-MARXIANS.)

Syndicalisme Réformiste. See SYNDICALISM.

Syndicalisme Révolutionnaire. See SYNDICALISM.

Syndicalist Unionism. See REVOLUTIONARY UNIONISM.

Syndicato Unico. See CONFEDERACIÓN GENERAL DEL TRABAJO.

Syndicat. In ordinary French usage, a local trade union. The word generally refers to a trade union composed of manual wage-earners; although such an organization is, strictly speaking, a syndicat ouvrier. The syndicats are mainly of the industrial type (syndicats d'industrie); the craft unions (syndicats de métier) having largely disappeared. By far the larger number are "fighting" organizations devoted to revolutionary ends; these are often termed syndicats rouges, or "red syndicats." The minority represent the REFORMIST element, favoring POLITICAL ACTION, moderation, compromise, and OPPORTUNIST methods in general. While these are sometimes called syndicats jaunes or "yellow syndicats," that term is more commonly applied to the unions initiated or controlled by employers and to the MIDDLE CLASS UNIONS. What are known as syndicats mixtes, or "mixed syndicats," are usually mere benefit societies, often attached to particular factories. The syndicats agricoles are unions of agricultural laborers, and play little part in the general industrial movement. The syndicats are, in the main, federated by localities in the BOURSES DU TRAVAIL; by districts, in the UNIONS REGIONALES; by provinces, in the UNIONS DEpartMENTALES; and nationally, in the FEDERATIONS D'INDUSTRIE, although a few craft federations (Fédérations de Métier) still survive. They also affiliate with the national central organization, the CONFÉDÉRATION GÉNÉRALE DU TRAVAIL-both indirectly, through the above-mentioned federated bodies, and directly. But within all of these local, regional, and national organizations, most of them retain almost complete local autonomy. (See SYNDICALISM; MARQUE SYNDICALE.)

System Federations. (1) Delegate bodies representative of the various national, international, and brotherhood organizations affiliated with the RAILWAY EMPLOYEES' DEPARTMENT of the AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Each system federation is representative of such organizations for a single railway system of the United States and Canada. It elects its own officers, holds regular meetings, and through an advisory board of five members negotiates with the management in regard to grievances and other matters. These system federations are chartered directly by the Railway Employees' Department, and are subject to the latter's control. They are entitled to send delegates to the Department's biennial convention. (2) The so-called "big four" RAILWAY BROTHERHOODS, which are not affiliated with the A. F. of L., have a plan according to which, after the fulfilment of certain stringent conditions, federations may

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be formed on individual railroad systems by two or more of the brotherhoods. The conditions for the entrance of any brotherhood into a system federation are that two-thirds of the members of the organization on the system involved shall have voted in favor of federation and the chief executive of the organization shall have given his approval. These federations exist mainly for the adjustment of grievances. (See CEDAR RAPIDS PLAN; BROTHERHOOD COOPERATIONS.)

T

T. A. See TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

T. U. C. See TRADES UNION CONGRESS.

Taff Vale Decision. Growing out of a suit brought by the Taff Vale Railway in South Wales against the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants for damages sustained in connection with a strike involving breach of contract, this was an opinion handed down in 1902 by the British House of Lords, in its judicial capacity, declaring that a trade union is a corporate body to the extent that it can be sued and held liable for the acts of its agents. Agitation over this decision, which imperilled all trade union funds and virtually nullified the fighting power of organized British labor, was largely responsible for the election of thirty LABOR MEMBERS to Parliament in 1906; and finally resulted in the passage of the TRADE DISPUTES ACT of 1906, which removed the liability.

Taigyo. See STRIKING ON THE JOB.

Tally System. See LIVERPOOL DOCK SCHEME.

Tame Union. See COMPANY UNION.

Tantum. See STINT.

Task. (1) In general, a fixed and definite amount of work, as dealt with in the entry, TASK SYSTEM. (2) In connection with SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, a standard amount of work of a prescribed quality which must be completed within a given time to make the worker eligible for a bonus or premium in addition to his regular daily wage. The setting of the task (the amount of work) in relation to the TASK TIME (the maximum time allotted for its completion) is accomplished by detailed TIME AND MOTION STUDY, allowance being usually made for necessary shop delays and also for the health of the worker.

Task and Bonus System. See GANTT SYSTEM.

Task Management. See SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

Task Master. See TASK SYSTEM.

Task Setting. See TASK.

Task System or Task Work. In a general sense, the system or method under which a single worker or group of workers is required to finish a specified amount of work (commonly called the “task" or STINT or "dead line") within a given period of time or else suffer a reduction in wages for that period, although no additional wages are paid for any excess of output. "Needless to say," according to G. D. H. Cole, "this system is strenuously opposed by the workers, nor does it exist in any organized trade; but many of the features of the task-work system exist in those cases in which a certain output is rigidly exacted, and the worker who fails to reach that output is at once dismissed. In these cases there is no deduction from wages for failure to produce the standard amount; but in certain trades the threat of summary dismissal has even more effect in securing the imposition of a 'task' than could ever be exercised by deductions from wages. Task-work is a variant of TIME-WORK in that the payment made is proportionate not to output, but to time spent; but in it the common basis of the two systems appears in the clearest form, since a minimum output is the condition of receiving the time-wage." The term "task system" is often used with specific reference to the method of manufacturing followed in the small Jewish "contract shops" of New York City engaged in making men's coats. This system has two main characteristics. First, there is a "team" or "set" of workers (usually three in number), each of whom performs a special part of the manufacturing process; each member of the team has to keep up with the others, so that a faster rate of speed by any one of the three necessitates a faster rate by the other two. Second, there is fixed by the contractor or "taskmaster" who runs the shop a certain "task" or number of coats that must be turned out in a day; this is called, and paid for as, a day's labor, although it may actually require fourteen or fifteen hours to perform it. By this means the fiction is maintained that standard daily or weekly wages are being paid; although actually the workers, being able to produce but four or five "tasks" a week, receive only a scanty PIECE WORK wage. Wages are reduced from time to time by the simple process of increasing the daily "task." As in other forms of the sWEATING SYSTEM, the workers are thus continually driven to over-exertion. (See PRODUCTION STANDARDS.)