Works Council. See WORKS COMMITTEE. Works Schools. In England, CONTINUATION SCHOOLS OF PARTTIME SCHOOLS for young persons organized in the particular works where they are employed. Provision for compulsory works schools is contained in the British Education Act of 1918. Works schools are much opposed by the majority of British trade unionists, who hold that workers' education should not be thus placed under the control of employers. Yard Committee-Man. Y See SHOP STEWARD. Yeggs. See MIGRATORY LABOR. Yellow. An adjective often applied in an opprobrious sense, generally by those who are RED, to moderate and OPPORTUNIST groups, policies, etc., in the European socialist-labor movement; also to labor organizations initiated or fostered by employers. (See YELLOW UNION.) Yellow Internationale. See INTERNATIONALE. Yellow Union. In the United States, this term is usually applied by trade unionists to a labor organization directly initiated or fostered by employers, or one which is considered to further the interests of employers. It is often used in this sense in the European labor movement also; though more commonly it denotes in Europe merely a conservative labor organization-one opposed to socialistic or other radical policies and devoted to improvements in workingclass conditions without fundamental change in the economic and social structure. (See COMPANY UNION; SYNDICAT; FRENCH LABOR MOVEMENT; RED UNION.) Young Communist Internationale. Before the war what was commonly known as the "Young Socialist Movement," comprising the younger elements in most socialist parties, was organized internationally in a separate "International Secretariat" (established 1907), which affiliated with the INTERNATIONAL SOCIALIST BUREAU in 1910. In December, 1919, the left-wing elements among the "Young Socialists" met in an international congress at Berlin and constituted an International League of Young Communists, usually known as the "Young Communist Internationale." This organization now includes the greater part of the Young Socialist movement in most countries. It is subject to the control of the COMMUNIST INTERNATIONALE and its executive committee. Young Person. As used in British FACTORY AND WORKSHOP Young Socialist Movement. See YOUNG COMMUNIST INTER- NATIONALE. Yuai Kai. See JAPANESE LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. Ꮓ Zentralarbeitersekretariat (Central Workers' Secretariat). See ARBEITERSEKRETARIAT. Zentralverband der Bulgarischen Gewerkschaften (Central Federation of Bulgarian Trade Unions). The national organization of SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC UNIONS in Bulgaria, with an affiliated membership of about 28,000. The communist movement, on the other hand, claims 40,000 trade unionists. Zentralverbände (Centralized Unions). The separate national organizations of affiliated GEWERKSCHAFTEN or SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC UNIONS of Germany are so called. The thorough-going centralization policy of German trade unionism is well shown by the fact that the approximately eight million members of the Gewerkschaften are nationally organized in only about fifty-two Zentralverbände. These latter are not merely national federations, but close amalgamations, along both craft and industrial lines, and including men and women, skilled and unskilled workers, alike. The Zentralverbände are affiliated in the ALLGEMEINER DEUTSCHER GEWERKSCHAFTSBUND. Zimmerwald Movement. In September, 1915, an international congress of socialist-labor groups opposed to the war met at Zimmerwald, Switzerland, upon an invitation of the Italian Socialists. Resolutions of an uncompromising anti-war character were passed, and a permanent Commission established. At a later meeting of the same groups, held in April, 1916, the movement developed a decided revolutionary tendency. The Commission met in Stockholm the following year and decided that a new INTERNATIONALE must be formed, the result of this decision being the COMMUNIST INTERNATIONALE, organized at Moscow in March, 1919. Zone Clearance System. To facilitate the work of the UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT BUREAU in its present function as a NATIONAL CLEARING HOUSE FOR LABOR, the continental area of the United States (exclusive of Alaska) has been divided into thirteen "labor clearance zones," corresponding in the main to the various Federal Reserve Bank districts. As soon as funds are made available for the purpose it is proposed to put a paid zone clearance officer in charge of each of these districts. It is assumed that each state will have its own system of labor clearance, and will supply its immediate needs from its own resources of workers and of industrial opportunities. The process of labor clearance within the state is supposedly a continuous one, day by day, if not hour by hour. Any surplus of either opportunities or applicants remaining undisposed of at the close of the day is then to be reported to the zone clearance officer and, so far as it is not promptly disposed of by him within the zone, is to be reported to the national clearing house at Washington. The duties of zone clearance officers involve merely the coordination of the activities of the Federal directors for the various states within their zones, and do not extend to soliciting opportunities for employment, recruiting workers, or PLACEMENT WORK of any kind. The matching of the LABOR SURPLUS against the "labor wanted" takes place daily within each zone, while inter-zone or national clearance will be effected by the national clearing house at Washington on the basis of weekly or more frequent reports of "labor surplus" or "labor wanted." The zone clearance officers are also required to report weekly, or more frequently, the condition of the LABOR MARKET in all parts of their respective zones. While the zone clearance officer usually communicates only through the national office at Washington, he is permitted in case of emergency to communicate directly with the zone clearance officer of an adjoining zone with a view to effecting directly and without loss of time the adjustment of labor surplus and demand as between such two or more zones. THE END |