Physiological Plant Ecology

absorbed acid adapted air temperature algae amount annual assimilation atmosphere average bacteria buds carbon cell sap cell walls chlorophyll chloroplasts climatic CO₂ CO₂ uptake cold concentration conifers crown cuticular cycle deciduous depends diagram diffusion resistance drought dry matter ecological ecosystem effect energy enzymes evaporation evergreen factors fluctuations foliage trees forest freezing frost gas exchange growing season growth H₂O habitats halophytes heat herbaceous herbs humidity increase inorganic ions Larcher layer leaf lichens light intensity lower mass measured metabolism mineral nitrogen nutrient ocean organic osmotic pressure oxygen period photosynthesis photosynthetic activity photosynthetic capacity phytomass plant cover plant species pore precipitation processes productivity protoplasm Quercus radiation regions relative respiration roots salt saturation sciophytes sclerophylls shoots soil stand of plants stomatal substances surface Table thallophytes tion tissue transpiration tropical vacuole vascular plants vegetation water balance water content water potential winter woody plants xylem zone