Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems ; with 47 TablesSpringer Science & Business Media, 14/07/2003 - 344 من الصفحات Recent years have seen renewed interest in the fragile alpine biota. The International Year of Mountains in 2002 and numerous international programs and initiatives have contributed to this. Since nearly half of mankind depends on water supplies originating in mountain catchments, the integrity and functional signi?cance of the upland biota is a key to human welfare and will receive even more attention as water becomes an increasingly limited resource. Intact alpine vegetation,as the safeguard of the water towers of the world, is worth being well understood. This new edition of Alpine Plant Life is an update with over 100 new references,new diagrams, revised and extended chapters (particularly 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17) and now also offers a geographic index. My thanks go to the many careful readers of the ?rst edition for their most valuable comments, in parti- lar to Vicente I. Deltoro (Valencia) and Johanna Wagner (Innsbruck). Basel,April 2003 Christian Körner Preface to the ?rst edition One of the largest natural biological experiments, perhaps the only one replicated across all latitudes and all climatic regions,is uplift of the la- scape and exposure of organisms to dramatic climatic gradients over a very short distance, otherwise only seen over thousands ofkilometers of poleward traveling. Generations of plant scientists have been fascinated by these natural test areas,and have explored plant and ecosystem responses to alpine life conditions. Alpine Plant Life is an attempt at a synthesis. |
المحتوى
Plant ecology at high elevations | 3 |
A regional and historical account | 5 |
The challenge of alpine plant research | 9 |
The alpine life zone | 11 |
Global alpine land area | 14 |
Alpine plant diversity | 15 |
Origin of alpine floras | 18 |
Alpine growth forms | 20 |
Nitrogen fixation | 160 |
Mycorrhiza | 163 |
Responses of vegetation to variable nutrient supply | 165 |
Uptake and loss of carbon | 171 |
Photosynthetic responses to the environment | 180 |
Daily carbon gain of leaves | 186 |
C4 and CAM photosynthesis at high altitudes | 189 |
Tissue respiration of alpine plants | 190 |
Alpine climate | 23 |
Regional features of alpine climates | 28 |
The climate plants experience | 33 |
How alpine plants influence their climate | 40 |
The geographic variation of alpine climate | 47 |
Life under snow protection and limitation | 49 |
Solar radiation under snow | 50 |
Gas concentrations under snow | 54 |
Plant responses to snowpack | 56 |
Alpine soils | 65 |
The organic compound | 72 |
The interaction of organic and inorganic compounds | 76 |
Alpine treelines | 79 |
Current altitudinal positions of climatic treelines | 80 |
Treelineclimate relationships | 82 |
Intrazonal variations and pantropical plateauing of alpine treelines | 88 |
Treelines in the past | 89 |
Attempts at a functional explanation of treelines | 90 |
A hypothesis for treeline formation | 97 |
Growth trends near treelines | 99 |
Evidence for sink limitation | 101 |
Climatic stress | 103 |
Survival of low temperature extremes | 104 |
Avoidance and tolerance of low temperature extremes | 108 |
Heat stress in alpine plants | 113 |
Ultraviolet radiation a stress factor? | 116 |
Water relations | 123 |
Soil moisture at high altitudes | 126 |
Plant water relations a brief review of principles | 133 |
Water relations of alpine plants | 134 |
Desiccation stress | 143 |
Water relations of special plant types | 145 |
Mineral nutrition | 149 |
Soil nutrients | 150 |
The nutrient status of alpine plants | 152 |
Nutrient cycling and nutrient budgets | 155 |
Ecosystem carbon balance | 196 |
Carbon investments | 201 |
Lipids and energy content | 209 |
Carbon costs of leaves and roots | 211 |
Whole plant carbon allocation | 214 |
Growth dynamics and phenology | 221 |
Diurnal leaf extension | 226 |
Rates of plant dry matter accumulation | 228 |
Functional duration of leaves and roots | 230 |
Cell division and tissue formation | 235 |
Mitosis and the cell cycle | 237 |
From meristem activity to growth control | 243 |
Plant biomass production | 247 |
Primary productivity of alpine vegetation | 248 |
Plant dry matter pools | 253 |
Biomass losses through herbivores | 257 |
Plant reproduction | 259 |
Seed development and seed size | 266 |
Germination | 271 |
Alpine seed banks and natural recruitment | 274 |
Clonal propagation | 279 |
Alpine plant age | 289 |
Community processes | 290 |
Global change at high elevation | 291 |
The impact of altered atmospheric chemistry | 294 |
Climatic change and alpine ecosystems | 296 |
299 | |
335 | |
339 | |
341 | |
Color Plates | |
Plant life forms | |
The alpine life zone | |
Environmental stress | |
The human dimension | |
طبعات أخرى - عرض جميع المقتطفات
عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
air temperature alpine climate alpine grassland alpine life zone alpine plants alpine soils alpine species alpine vegetation alpine zone altitude altitudinal arctic belowground biomass canopy Carex curvula Carex firma cell central Alps Cernusca Chap climate clonal CO₂ compared concentrations cycle Diemer dry matter dwarf shrubs ecosystem effects elevation fellfield flowering forbs freezing germination giant rosettes global gradient graminoids grassland growing season growth habitats Hence herbaceous high altitude higher plants Hohe Tauern increase Körner Körner Ch Larcher latitudes leaf area leaves limit Loiseleuria Loiseleuria procumbens low altitude low temperature lowland plants mean mountains mycorrhiza nitrogen nutrient Oecologia Oxyria digyna period photosynthesis plant species Poa alpina range Ranunculus glacialis rates ratio reduced respiration Rocky root seed seedlings slope snow cover snowbed solar radiation stomatal substrate subtropical Swiss Alps temperate zone thermal tion tissue trees trends tropical tussock tussock grasses UV-B variation winter
مقاطع مشهورة
الصفحة 323 - Rauh W (1978) Die Wuchs- und Lebensformen der tropischen Hochgebirgsregionen und der Subantarktis, ein Vergleich. In: Troll C, Lauer W (eds) Geoecological relations between the southern temperate zone and the tropical mountains.
الصفحة 323 - C (1996) A cross-continental comparison of phenology, leaf dynamics and dry matter allocation in arctic and temperate zone herbaceous plants from contrasting altitudes.
الصفحة 323 - Constraints and Policy Options for Sustainable Land Use. MD Young; OT Solbrig (eds.), 1993. 13. Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development. CM Hladik; A. Hladik; OF Linares; H. Pagezy; A. Semple; M. Hadley (eds.), 1993. 14. Mountain Research in Europe: An Overview of MAB Research from the Pyrenees to Siberia. MF Price, 1995.