different mind and purpose. If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern repression; but, if it lifts its head at all, it will lift it only here and there and without countenance except from a lawless and malignant few.

It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance.

But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.

To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.

God helping her, she can do no other.

WHAT AMERICANS BELIEVE IN

CHARLES W. ELIOT

[From the New York Sun, April 8, 1917.]

AMERICANS believe in individual liberty so far as it can be exercised without injury to the superior rights of the community.

In complete religious toleration.

In freedom of speech and of the press subject only to tempo

rary restraint in times of popular excitement by public authority only.

In a control of public policies and measures by representative legislative assemblies elected by universal suffrage.

In the executive head of the nation elected for a short term by universal suffrage and exercising large powers but under constitutional limitations.

In local self-government.

In a universal education which discovers or reveals the best function for each individual and helps him toward it.

In a free and mobile social state which permits each individual to render to the community the best service of which he is capable.

In resistance to evil men and governments and in the prevention of evils by every means that applied science has put into the hands of man.

In submission to the will of the majority after full discussion and a fair vote.

In leading rather than driving men, women and children in the practice of reasoning, self-guidance and self-control rather than that of implicit obedience.

In the doctrine of each for all and all for each.

In a universal sense of obligation to the community and the country, an obligation to be discharged by service, gratitude and love.

In the dignity and strength of common human nature and therefore in democracy and its ultimate triumph.

PATRIOTISM

LYMAN ABBOTT

[A signed editorial article which appeared in The Outlook in June, 1916.]

A NATION is made great, not by its fruitful acres, but by the men who cultivate them; not by its great forests, but by the

men who use them; not by its mines, but by the men who work in them; not by its railways, but by the men who build and run them. America was a great land when Columbus discovered it; Americans have made of it a great Nation.

In 1776 our fathers had a vision of a new Nation "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Without an army they fought the greatest of existing world empires that they might realize this vision. A third of a century later, without a navy they fought the greatest navy in the world, that they might win for their Nation the freedom of the seas. Half a century later they fought through an unparalleled Civil War that they might establish for all time on this continent the inalienable right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. A third of a century later they fought to emancipate an oppressed neighbor, and, victory won, gave back Cuba to the Cubans, sent an army of schoolmasters to educate for liberty the Filipinos, asked no war indemnity from their vanquished enemy, but paid him liberally for his property. Meanwhile they offered land freely to any farmer who would live upon and cultivate it, opened to foreign immigrants on equal terms the door of industrial opportunity, shared with them political equality, and provided by universal taxation for universal education.

The cynic who can see in this history only a theme for his egotistical satire is no true American, whatever his parentage, whatever his birthplace. He who looks with pride upon this history which his fathers have written by their heroic deeds, who accepts with gratitude the inheritance which they have bequeathed to him, and who highly resolves to preserve this inheritance unimpaired and to pass it on to his descendants enlarged and enriched, is a true American, be his birthplace or his parentage what it may.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

Lyman Abbott, 1835- This variously gifted clergyman, author, and journalist was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts. After graduation from the University of New York, he first studied law, but later entered the ministry. He succeeded Henry Ward Beecher as editor of the Christian Union and as pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. In more recent years, he has been mainly occupied as editor-in-chief of The Outlook. He is the author of many books, and his contributions to the periodical press cover a wide field. There is no phase of life that fails to interest his active mind.

Charles Francis Adams, Jr., 1835-1915. — Lawyer, soldier, financier, writer. He was the son of Charles Francis Adams, who was minister of the United States to Great Britain during the Civil War, and the grandson of John Quincy Adams. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, was graduated from Harvard, and studied law. He served throughout the Civil War in the Union army, rising to the rank of colonel of volunteers. After the war he became engaged in railroad affairs in various capacities. At one time he was president of the Union Pacific Railway. Although his interest in public affairs was always quick and vital, he never held public office. He wrote much and lectured occasionally on historical, biographical, and educational subjects. He had the courage, honesty, and mental vigor of his forebears.

John Adams, 1735-1826. — The second president of the United States was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, and died at Quincy, near the place of his birth. He was graduated from Harvard, studied law, and practiced his profession in Boston. He opposed the stamp act, was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the committee appointed by Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence. He also proposed Washington as Commander-in-chief of the Army. During the Revolution he was sent as commissioner to France by Congress, and in 1783 he (with Jay and Franklin) negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain. He was elected the first vice-president of the new republic in 1789, and served in that office for two terms with Washington as his chief. In 1796 he was elected to the presidency. On being defeated for re-election, he retired from public life and spent his last